电大物流信息技术复习资料考试重点试题必考重点.doc

一、)名词解析。1.软件工程:指采用工程的概念、原理、技术、和方法来开发和维护软件。其核心内容是以工程化的方式组织软件的开发，它借鉴了传统工程的原则和方法，以求高效地开发高质量的软件。2.数据库：存放在计算机存储设备中的一种合理的方法组织起来的，与公司或组织的业务活动和组织结构相对应的各种相关数据的集合，该集合中的数据可以为公司或组织的各级经过授权的人员或应用程序以不同的权限所共享。3.物流信息：指反映物流各种活动内容的知识、资料、数据、文件的总称。4.物流标准化：按物流合理化的目的和要求，制定各类技术标准、工作标准，并形成全国乃至国际物流系统标准化体系的活动过程。5.条码.是由一组按一定编码规则排列的条、空符号组成的编码符号，用以表示一定的字符、数字及符号组成的信息。6.射频识别.是种非接触式的自动识别技术，是一项利用射频信号通过空间耦合实现无接触信息传递并通过所传递的信息达到识别目的的技术。7.应用型地理信息系统:根据用户的需求和应用目的而设计的除了具有地理信息系统基本功能外.应用模型和方法。8.工具型地理信息系统.具有地理信息系统基本功能,供其他系统调用或用户进行二次开发的操作平台.9.车辆线路模型:用于解决一个起始点、多个重点的货物运输中，如何降低物流作业费用，并保证服务质量的问题。10.GPS.即全球定位系统，利用导航卫星口称的全球卫星定位系统，进行测时和测距。11.电子数据交换.是一种在公司之间传输订单它通过计算机通信网络.实现各有关部门之间数据交换与处理结合的产物.12.仓储管理系统.使用来管理仓库内部的人员、库存、工作时间、订单和设备的软件实施工具。13.运输管理系统.主要利用计算机网络等现代信息技术，对运输的计划、工具、人员和过程的跟踪、调度指挥等管理业务进行有效管理的人机系统。14.配送：指物流企业或部门采用网络化的计算机技术和现代化的硬件设备、软件系统及先进的管理手段，针对社会需求，严格地、守信用地按用户的订货要求，进行一系列分类、编配、整理、分工、配货等理货工作，定时、定点、定量地交给没有范围限度的各类用户，满足其对商品的需求。15.共用物流信息平台.也称为区域物流为企业信息系统提供满足需求,支撑企业信息功能的实现。18.定性预测方法：是指主要依据调查研究，采用少量数据和直观材料，预测人员再利用自己的知识和经验，从而对预测对象作出预测。19.定量预测方法:依据必要的统计资料,借用一定的数学模型,对预测对象的未来状态和性质进行定量测算等方法的总称.20.决策支持系统:是一种以计算机为工具,应用决策科学及有关学科的理论与方法,以人机交互方法辅助决策者解决半结构化合非结构化决策问题的信息系统.21.系统设计:是信息系统开发过程中的一个重要阶段,是在系统规划“做什么”.“怎么做”的物理设计问题。22.系统实施:是指将系统设计阶段的结果在计算机上实现,将原来纸面上的、类似于设计图纸的系统设计方案转换为可执行的系统。(二)问答题:1.。常用的数据模型有哪些?1.概念数据模型。概念数据模型只描述信息的特性和强调语义，而不涉及信息在计算机中的表示，是实现世界到信息世界的第一层抽象。2.结构数据模型。结构数据模型直接描述数据库中数据的逻辑结构，这类模型涉及到计算机系统，又称为基本数据模型。2.。什么事数据库系统？它是由哪些部分组成？1.）数据库系统是采用数据库技术的计算机系统，是可运行的以数据库方式存储、维护和向应用系统提供数据或信息支持的系统。2.）它由计算机计算机硬件、软件、数据库管理人员及其他人员所组成。3.。什么是物流信息？物流信息的特点有哪些？1.物流信息指反映物流各种活动内容的知识、资料、图像、数据、文件的总称。它是物流活动过程中各个环节生成的信息，一般是随着从生产到消费的物流活动的产生而产生的信息流，与物流过程中的运输、保管、装卸、包装等各种职能有机结合在一起，是整个物流活动顺利进行所不可缺少的。2.物流信息除具有信息一般特点外，还具有分布性、动态性、复杂性的特点。5.。物流信息技术主要包括哪些？1.EDI技术；2.GPS/GIS技术；3.条形码/射频技术;4通信技术;5数据库/数据仓库技术;6网络安全技术。6.。什么是自动识别技术?自动识别技术包括哪几种类型?答: 1.自动识别技术就是应用一定的识别装置,通过被识别物品和识读装置之间的接近活动,自动地获取被识别物品的相关信息,并提供给后台的计算机处理系统来完成相关后续处理的一种技术。2.种类:1条码技术2光学字符识别3生物识别技术4磁条技术5.IC卡6射频识别技术。7.。条码技术按码制分为几类?:条码按码制分为九类.：UPC码、EAN码、交叉25码、39码、库德巴码、128码、93码、49码、其他码制。8.。简述RFID技术的主要特点。答：RFID是一项易于操控，简单实用且特别适合于自动化控制的灵活性应用技术，其所具备的独特优越性是其他识别技术无法企及的。它既可支持只读工作模式也可支持读写工作模式，且无需接触或瞄准；可自由工作在各种恶劣环境下；可进行高度的数据集成。另外，由于该技术很难被模仿、侵入、使RFID具备了极高的安全防护能力。9.地理信息系统由哪些部分组成？1计算机硬件系统2-软件系统3地理空间数据4人员。10.应用型地理信息系统设计的主要内容是什么？1系统总体设计2数据库详细设计3系统功能设计4应用模型和方法设计5输入、输出设计。11、GIS物流分析软件集成了哪些模型？1车辆路线模型2网络物流3分配集成4设施定位- 。12、网络GPS的特点是什么？1成本较低2功能多、精度高、覆盖面广3定位速度快，有力地保障了物流运输企业能够在业务运作上提高反应速度，降低车辆空驶率、降低运作成本，满足客户需要4.信息传输采用了GSM/GPRS公用数字移动通信网，具有保密性高、系统容量大、抗干扰能力强、漫游性能好、移动业务数据可靠等优点；同时容易实现有权限的信息透明化。5.构筑在国际互联网这一最大的网上公共平台上，具有开放度高、资源共享程度高等优点。13、3G物流背诵监护的功能有哪些？1.车辆跟踪2路线的规划和导航3指挥调度4信息查询5紧急救援14.试述仓储管理信息系统的作用。1为仓库作业全过程提供自动化的全面记录的途径2改变传统上的固定货位，实现全库随机储存，从而最大限度利用仓容；3提高发货的质量和正确性，减少断档和退货，提高顾客的满意度4为仓库的所有活动、资源和库存水平提供即时的正确信息。15.。试述运输管理信息系统的功能。1.配载调度： 1)线路选择 2)配载规划 3)车辆调度。2.运输过程控制管理。3.运输资源管理。4.跟踪调度：1)应用MCA的车辆运行管理系统2)应用GPS等技术的车辆运行管理系统。16.试述信息系统在供应链管理中的作用。1.消除“牛鞭效应”2可以使企业保持现有的客户关系3促进企业管理技术的推广和管理思想的更新4使企业提高业务量5.可使企业吸引新客户，拓展新业务。17.什么是物流信息网络化？物流信息网络化有什么特点？特点：1网络专业性强2信息来源的广泛性3地域的广泛性4网上信息实时性、动态性强。18.。试述电子自动订货系统的流程。1.在零售店的终端利用条码阅读器获取准备采购的商品条码，并在终端机上输入订货种类；利用电话线通过调制调解器传到批发商的计算机中。2.批发商开出提货传票,并根据传票,同时开出拣货单,实施拣货,然后根据送货传票进行商品发货。3.送货传票上的资料便称为零售商的应付账款资料及批发商的应收账款资料。4.将送货传票上的资料并接到应收账款的系统中去。5.零售商对送到的货物进行检验后，便可以陈列与销售了。19.。简述POS的系统构成。1.POS系统的硬件结构主要依赖于计算机处理信息的体系结构。目前大多采用由收款机、微机与网络构成的POS系统，该系统的硬件主要包括收款机、扫描器、显示器、打印机、网络、微机与硬件平台等。2.POS的软件系统组成包括前台POS销售系统和后台MIS信息管理系统两大部分。其中前台POS销售软件具有的功能有：日常销售、交班结算、退货、支持各种付款方式及即时纠错等。后台MIS软件则具有以下功能：商品入库管理、商品调价管理。商品销售管理、单据票证管理、报表打印管理、完善的分析功能、数据维护管理及销售预测等。20.。常用的定性预测方法有哪些？1一般预测2市场调查3小组共识4德尔菲法5情景分析法。22.。试述决策支持系统的各个组成部分及其功能。1.人机对话子系统2.数据库子系统3.模型库子系统4.方法库子系统。23.。物流信息系统的开发方法有哪些？1.结构化生命周期法2.原型开发法3.面对对象的开发法4.计算机辅助系统开发方法。24.。试述物流信息系统的开发过程。1.系统开发准备2.系统调查3.系统分析4.系统设计5.系统实施与转换 6.系统维护和评价。25.。物流信息系统运行管理包括哪些内容？1.日常管理与维护2.系统文档规范管理3.系统安全与保密管理。Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter Doc Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest Phog Allen at Kansas, Ward Piggy Lambert at Purdue, and Henry Doc Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one-handed shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In 1938, Irish created the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion. Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and proved to be a great financial success. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) created its own postseason tournament in 1939 but did not rival the NIT in prestige for some time. The 1940s saw significant changes for college basketball. Players began using the jump shot after Kenny Sailors of Wyoming wowed the East with it in 1943. The behind-the-back dribble and pass also appeared, as did exceptional big men. Bob Kurland at Oklahoma A&M was almost seven feet tall and George Mikan at DePaul was six feet ten inches. While Kurland had perhaps the better college career and played in two Olympics, he chose not to play professional ball, whereas Mikan became the first dominant star in the pros. Their defensive play inspired the rule against goal tending (blocking a shot on its downward flight). Adolph Rupp, who played under Phog Allen, also coached the first of his many talented teams at Kentucky in that decade. However, in 1951, Rupp and six other coaches suffered through a point-shaving sc