Chapterwordformation英语词汇构词法.pptVIP

Chapter IV WORD-FORMATION (II) The Minor Processes of Word-formation Acronymy Blending Neoclassical Formation Miscellaneous Clipping Back-formation Reduplication Words from Proper Names The Minor Processes of Word-formation Acronymy 首字母拼音法 A . Initialisms 首字母连写词 B . Acronyms 首字母拼音词 It is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical words. A . Initialisms 首字母连写词 A type of shortening , using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term ,or a phrase; pronounced letter by letter. e.g. :VIP very important person BBC British Broadcasting Corporation Three types of initialisms The letters represent full words ( main type ) “The letters represent elements in a compound or just part of a word ” ID Identification (card)e.g. : CIA the Central Intelligence Agency of the U.S.e.g. ISBN International Standard Book Number ETV educational television (CETV? ) 国际标准书号（International Standard Book Number）简称ISBN， 是国际通用的图书或独立的出版物（ 除定期出版的期刊）代码。出版社可 以通过国际标准书号清晰的辨认所有 非期刊书籍。一个国际标准书号只有 一个或一份相应的出版物与之对应。 新版本如果在原来旧版的基础上没有 内容上太大的变动，在出版时也不会 得到新的国际标准书号码。当平装本 改为精装本出版时，原来相应的国际 标准书号号码也应当收回。 A letter represents the complete form of the first (or the first two) word, while the second word (or the third word) is in full form. H-bomb e.g. G- man V-J Day Victory over Japan Day 抗日战争胜利纪念日 Government man （AmE) 美国联邦调查局人员 Hydrogen bomb 氢弹 Words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. B . Acronyms 首字母拼音词 Pronounced as words. E: Can you pick out the acronyms in the following words? EU radar TB SST SAM BFA BRICS Difference ? Rarely appear with periods They are as old as language itself. They become popular since World War II. They rapid used in modern science and technology, military, governmental and voluntary organizations. Space saving and time saving devices C .Rapid growth of acronyms and initialisms Many are collq. and infml. (p.d.q.) But some used far more frequently, even in fml writing and speech. Give full form when first mentioned and to follow it with the recognized abbreviation in parenthesis. E.g. Prison of War (POW) 人大 全国人民代表大会 NPC National Peoples Congress 政协 中国人民政治协商会议 CPPCC Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference The initialisms and acronyms used in other languages “ 东盟 ” 东南亚国家联盟 ASEAN (Association of South-east Asia Nations ) E: P90-II NPCCPC CPPCC Clipping 截短法 Four main types : A . Back clippings B . Front clippings C . Front and back clippings D . Phrase clippings The process of clipping is the deletion of one or more syllables from a word which is also available in its full form . A . Back clippings ( most common ) The deletion occur at end of the word e.g. ad = advertisement memo = memorandum auto = automobile gent = gentleman B . Front clippings The deletion occur at the beginning of the word e.g. plane = airplane quake = earthquake phone = telephone copter = helicopter . Front clippings . Back clippings . Phrase clippings . Front and back clippings C . Front and back clippings (not common ) The deletion occurs at both ends of a word e.g. fridge = refrigerator tec=(sl. detective) flu=influenza jams = pajamas D . Phrase clippings Shortening of a phrase pop = popular music e.g. perm = permanent wave narc/nark=narcotics agent . Front clippings . Back clippings . Phrase clippings . Front and back clippings Clipping often alters spelling biz, bike, hanky, teeny, telly, veggies gymnasium sergeant gasoline influenza comfortable Exercises sarge ( sl.) gym (colloq.) gas (colloq.) flu (colloq.) comfy (colloq.) Blending 拼缀法 It is a process of word- formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms. Definition : Four types: Head+ tail First wordSecond wordBlend beautyutilitybeautility stagnation Inflationstagflation Head+head First wordSecond wordBlend communicationsatellitecomsat internationalpoliceinterpol psychologicalwarfarepsywar Word+ tail First wordSecond wordBlend airhotelairtel lunarastronautlunarnaut breathanalyzerbreathalyzer Head+ word First wordSecond wordBlend documentarydramadocudrama motortownMotown parachutetroopparatroop E: on P91-IV The result of such a process is called a blend, or a portmanteau word. Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation. E: on P91-IV Back-formation Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language. 逆向构词法 E: Please figure out the words that they are back formed. beg beggar sculpt sculptor aggress aggression automate automation enthuse enthusiasm merry make merry-making mass-produce mass production laze lazy greed greedy gloom gloomy concord concordance The majority of back-formed words are verbs, for verbs have a peculiar property to develop around them a number of deverbal nouns, such as the agent noun and the noun of action . Words from proper names The coinage of common words from proper names (gradually). They come from all sources, like : Movies; Literature; Names of places; Names of scientists, politicians and statesmen; Trademarks The names of scientists The names of politicians and statesmen E.g. Ampere French physicist Andre Ampere Pasteurize French chemist and father of modern bacteriology Louis Pasteur John Hancock American revolutionary leader E.g. Nicotine-Jean Nicot (French diplomat) The names of places Trademarks Literature and movies E.g. champagne Champagne, France Watergate a building complex in Washington, D.C. E.g. kodakxerox E.g. Judas, Solomonthe Bible Shylock，JuliaShakespeare china, japan, Berlin wall Simmons 文曲星 Godfather Reduplication 重叠构词法 It is a type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition of (1) One word (go-go, yo- yo, wee-wee) (2) Two almost identical words with a change in the vowels (ping-pong, shilly-shally, tick-tock) (3) Two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants (teeny-weeny, willy-nilly) Common uses of reduplicatives 1. Imitate sounds 2. Suggest alternating movements tick-tick (of a watch) seesaw : up-and-down or to-and-fro motion quack-quack( of a duck) e.g. e.g. zigzag 3. Express ones contempt of character , appearance and behavior of a person e.g. clever-clever “ostentatiously clever ” 4. Disparage by suggesting that something is in disorder, or of small value, or of inferior quality e.g. Hurry-scurry “proceed in disorderly haste ” 5. To show ones approval e.g. Super-duper “extremely great ,impressive” Neoclassical Formation Neoclassical formation denotes the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek . The majority are scientific and technical Definition : 新古典词构成法 aeroacostics n. 空气声学 “the study of sound propagation in the air and its effect on the environment ” bacteriocin n. 细菌素 “ISV an antibacterial agent produced by bacteria ” Examples : (International Scientific Vocabulary) in the 3rd Webster to denote that they are known to be current in at least one language other than English. Miscellaneous 混杂词 Analogy : house wife Onomatopo