英语语言学-构词法.ppt

3.3 Word formation 李琳 构词法 Word Formation “词”的英语是“Word”。依据词典“Word”可 译为“语言、言、话、字、文字、词”等。 eg: The girl who is beautiful is our classmate. 定义：词、短语、从句等称为句子组成的要素（ Element）。 词是句子的组成要素中不能再细分的最小表意单 位（Sense unit）。 构词法,语言学家把这种专门研究词形变化现象和 规则的学问称为词形学（Morphology），通常简 称为构词法（Word Formation）。 构词法基本上包括下列三项： 1词根（Root） 2派生词（Derivative） 3合成词（Compound Words） A词根（Root） 定义：英文词形成的“根基”部分称为词根（亦称字根）。 现以“like”为例列示如下： Root like. 像 a-like 相像 un-like. 不像 like-ness 相像 un-like-ness 互不相像 B派生词（Derivative） 定义：由词根利用前缀或后缀派生而成的词称为 派生词（亦称转成语）。现以“friend”为例列示如 下： 前缀 词根 后缀 friend 朋友 friend-ly 友善的 friend-less. 没有朋友的 friend-ship 友谊 un-friend-ly. 不友善的 C合成词（Compound Words ） 定义：由两个或两个以上独立且语义不相 同的词结合成一个表达新的语义和语词功 能的词称为合成词。 class（班级）+room（房间）classroom （教室） black（黑色的）+board（木板） blackboard（黑板） hide（躲藏）+ and（和）+seek（寻找） hide-and-seek（捉迷藏） 3.3（1） From Morpheme to Word What does morphology concern? (refer back to p52) 1) the study of inflections Eg: bark + -s 2) the study of derivational morphology Eg: purify :pur(e) + -ify 3.3.2 The derivational way of formation It can be further divided into two sub-types: 1.the derivational type derivation 派生类 (roots + affixes) eg: 2.the compositional type compound 复合类 (word + word) 3.3.1 Lexical change proper Invention (coinage) (发明法) Blending （混成法） Abbreviation (clipping)（缩写词） Acronym （缩略语） Back-formation（逆构词法） Analogical creation（类推构词） Borrowing（借词） 1、Invention To satisfy the new situation in modern human life, many new lexical items come directly from various fields, especially from technological and economical activities. For example, Kodak, Coke, nylon 2、Blending A relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. Examples: (i) air+ hotel airtel Fusion (溶合法): Stample (trample +stamp on); crackdown (crackup+breakdown) 3、Abbreviation A shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form. e.g. TV(television) ,Dr(doctor) ,hr(hour), ft(foot or feet) Clippling(截断法)：a kind of abbreviation of longer words or phrases. (i) Cutting the final part (or with a slight variation ) pop ; taxi ; kilo ; telly ; expo ;wi-fi (ii) Cutting the initial part phone, bus, copter, plane, chute (iii) Cutting both the initial and final parts accordingly refrigerator(fridge) ,prescriptionscript 4、Acronym ：A word created by combining the initial letters of a number of words. (VOA ;BBC;UFO ; GNP; GRE;VIP,FOB.) 5、Back-formation: a process by which new words are formed by taking away the imagined suffix of an existing word. E.g. donationdonate; oratororate; gloomygloom; helicopt 6、Analogical creation 7、Borrowing : the taking over of words from other languages. A. loanword(借词): a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter .e.g. kionomo(日)；kowtow(汉) ；solo（意）；skoal(丹麦)；coup de main(法) B. loanblend(混合借词): a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed . C. loanshift(转移借词): a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native .