高中阅读理解之词义猜测题攻略.ppt

猜测词义猜测词义 推理判断推理判断 事实细节事实细节 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 主旨大意主旨大意 意图态度意图态度 篇章结构篇章结构 阅读理解阅读理解 阅读理解短文常见的题型: 【题型特点】 1、要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结 合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生 词词组的含义或熟词在特定语境中表达的 具体含义以及一些句子的意思。 2、要求猜测的词一般为实词，可通过构 词法和语境法来确定词义 3、代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考 类型 The underlined word “_”in the passage means _ . What does “_”in the third paragraph stand for ? The word/phrase “_” most nearly means _. The word/phrase “_” could best be replaced by _. The word/phrase “_” in Line,Para refers to_. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase/word/sentence “_”? Whats the meaning of “_” in Line ,Para ? The underlined sentence in the first (second.) paragraph probably means that _. Question form (Question form (常见提问方式）常见提问方式） The underlined word “_”in the passage means _ . What does “_”in the third paragraph stand for ? If you come across the new words while reading, What will you do ? 下面的单词你认识吗？猜猜看！ nmismanagement nlady bird nbig potato ndetrimental 【解词】 mismanagement =mis (否定前缀， 表示坏地、 错误地) + manage (管理) + ment (构成名词的后缀) 汉语意义为 “管理不善” nDo you like a lady bird? It is not a kind of bird. It is an insect. It can fly. its wings are red. It is very small. a lady bird 瓢虫 a big potato nTom is a great man. Tom is treated as a big potato.大人物 Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to peoples health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 有害的 also Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tons of CO2 each year, equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year.(2012肇庆一模） 41. The underlined phrase “mopping up” in the second paragraph probably means “ ” A.passing on B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving out But nearly all scientists now agree the 10 percent theory is consequently unfounded. In fact, they question how this figure was ever arrived in the first place and what area of the brain are supposed to be unneeded. 42. The underlined word “unfounded” is closed in meaning to _ A.undiscovered B. unproven C. unknown D. unnecessary question Exemplifying in Skills 构词法与语境法 派生法 (Derivation) 合成法 (Compounding) 转化法 (Conversion) 利用释义词 (句)、 举例或同位语、定语从句 利用对比、 类比或转折词 利用因果关系 利用上下文(结合生活常识、背景知识） 构词法 语境法 Exemplifying in Skills 派生法 (Derivation) 派生法就是借助前缀或后缀派生出新 词的构词方法。后缀往往起改变词性 的作用， 派生出的新词主要有_ 、 _和_三种；前缀主要起 改变_的作用，包括各种否定前 缀、时间前缀等。 名词 形容词 动词 词义 构词法 【例1】 通过分析派生词，猜测划线单词的意思 。 Napoleon, as a character in Tolstoys War and Peace, is more than once described as having “fat little hands”. Nor does he “sit well or firmly on the horse”. He is said to be “undersized” with “short legs” and a “round stomach”. undersized=under (低于) +size (尺寸、 大小) +d， 通过构词法可知以ed结尾的派生词可作 形容词 (如three-legged 三只脚的)， 再结合 后面的short legs (短腿)， 可猜出undersized 意为 “身材矮小的”。 Exemplifying in Skills 合成法 (Compounding) 合成法是指由两个或两个以上单词组 合成一个新词。通常情况下，合成词 的词义为组成词的词义之和。 构词法 【例2】通过分析合成词，猜测划线单词的意思 。 He never wore ready-made clothes. ready-made由ready和made加连字符合成一个 词，该词在clothes前，可知其词性为形容词， 结合各个词的本意：ready “准备就绪的”， made “做好的”，可知句中的ready-made是 “现 成的、做好的” 的意思。 Exemplifying in Skills 转化法 (Conversion) 转化法是指单词的词形不改变，只通过词 性的改变来使单词具有新的意义和作用。 而这种单词叫转化词。 构词法 【例3】通过分析转换词，猜测划线单词的意思 。 Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say. say一般作动词，意为 “说、表达”。观察句子 ，say前面带a，表示say在此转化为名词，意 为 “发言权、决定权”。 Exemplifying in Skills 利用释义词 (句)、举例或同位语,定语 从句等 表示释义或举例词语的信息词有 _ _ _ _ 等，符号 则有e.g. (举例)、 i.e. (也就是)。 for example, for instance, such as, in other words, that is to say, namely, or, also known as, to put it differently, refer to 语境法 【例4】 通过释义或举例词语，猜测划线单词的意思。 In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today. 利用生词后面的同位语an endangered wild cat， 可知ocelot是一种猫。 Throughout the history of the arts，the nature of creativity has remained constant to artistsNo matter what objects they select， artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause change-to find poetry where no one has ever seen or experienced it before The underlined word “poetry most probably means A .an object for artistic creation B. a collection of poems C. an unusual quality D .a natural scene 技巧 1 技巧 5 Exemplifying in Skills 语境法 利用对比、 类比或转折词 表示对比、 类比或转折的常见信息词有 _ _ _ 等，有时也用破折号或冒号等符号。 but, yet, however, while, unlike, in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary, despite, in spite of, instead, rather than, though 【例5】 The underlined word “descendants” means a persons _. A. later generations B. friends and relatives C. colleagues and partners D. later sponsors 文段开头提到英文姓氏可能由父亲的名字加上 s或son构成， 于是可以推断John是Johnsons 的父亲， 即Johnsons是John的子女。 因此A 项later generations (后代) 最为接近。 技巧 2 技巧 6 Exemplifying in Skills 语境法 利用因果关系 表示因果关系的信息词有_ _ _等。 because, as, since, for,thus, so, sosuch that, hence, therefore, as a result 【例6】 The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours _. A. attracted the customers strongly B. had weak effects on the customers C. tricked the customers into shopping D. caused the customers to lose interest 划线部分的意思可以从because后面的原因推断出来 。 文段第一句的意思是： 当最近一些止痛药出现在 市面上时， 研究人员发现它们的颜色让顾客丧失兴 趣， 因为这些颜色使产品看起来无效。 第二句则指 出使用蓝色和白色的原因。 技巧 2 技巧 7 Exemplifying in Skills 语境法 利用上下文 猜测词义题在考查熟词新义以及代词指 代内容时往往需要综合考虑上下文， 有时也需要结合常识和背景知识。 【例7】 The underlined phrase “turn his back on” most probably means _. A. leave for B. return to C. give up D. rely on 文段一开始便提到作者认识的一个人放弃了一份体 面的高薪工作， 然后表示对他这种举动很惊讶： 一 个人怎么会放弃伦敦市中心， 而甘愿去往一个小地 方呢？ 因此， “turn his back on” 实际上与上文的 “gave up” 相呼应， 所以答案选C。 These super-thin sport shoes are causing a stir in the world of running and fitness. Why? Because some experts believe they could make you a better, more efficient runner and that traditional trainers could be doing you more harm than good.（2012广州一模） 32. The underlined word “they in paragraph 2 refer to _ A experts B feet C shoes D runners These super-thin sport shoes 代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系 梳理法”、“逆向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系 【例8】 转化法 生活 常识 上下文 对类转 比比折 因果 关系 释举同定 义例位从 派生法 合成法 猜 总结 On Reading 词 义 猜 测 题 根据因果关系猜测词义 1.She did not hear what you said because 1.She did not hear what you said because she was completely she was completely engrossedengrossed in her reading.in her reading. 全神贯注 2. If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”. 3. In many nations there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth 不同意 非常贫穷 根据对比、类比或转折词（同义词、反义词） 猜测词义 We studied the board critically. Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard, rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured up our designs. Others twisted their hair around their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought. （ 09 广东卷） 47. The underlined phrase in paragraph 3 most probably means _. A. formed an idea for B. made an outline for C. made some space for D. chose some colors for You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winners key to success.（10 广东卷） 47.The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to . A. avoid B. accept C. improve D. consider People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new recipe of success. According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly. Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog. (11 广东卷） 31. The underlined word swimmingly in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _. A. early B