[英语考试]1997-2000年英语真题.doc

2000 Passage 11. A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap,but,if properly handled,it may become a driving force.【译文】 长期不费力气就能取得成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，它也有可能转化为一种推动力。【析句】 该句是一个并列句，由前后两个转折关系的分句组成，其间的连词为but。 but与后一个分句之间又插入一个由if引导的条件状语（if properly handled）。注意，if properly handled是一个省略结构，完整的说法是if it(a history of long and effortless success) is properly handled。【讲词】 handicap作名词意为“障碍,阻碍,障碍赛跑，不利因素”，作动词时表示“妨碍,使不利,阻碍”。Poor eyesight is a handicap to a student.（视力不好对学生来说是一个障碍。）Though handicapped by poor health,she persisted in working.（她虽身体不好,还是坚持工作。）handicap还有“残疾”的意思，a handicapped person意为“残疾人”。handle作动词时意为“搬运，处理”。Handle with care.（小心轻放。）This issue should be handled with caution.（应该谨慎处理这一问题。）2. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War,it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.【译文】 美国在二战结束后恰好进入了这样一个辉煌时期，当时它拥有比任何竞争者大至少8倍的市场，因而其工业经济具有无与伦比的规模经济。【析句】 此句是一个复合句，其主干结构是it had a market eight times larger than any competitor。giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale作伴随状语，When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War是时间状语从句。【讲词】 glowing意为“炽热的,容光焕发的,生气勃勃的”，因此a glowing period可以译为“辉煌时期”，或“一个生机勃勃的时代”。a glowing description（生动的描述），glowing colours（光彩夺目的颜色），a glowing example（光辉的榜样）。unparalleled意为“无比的,无双的,空前的”。an unparalleled victory（空前的胜利），unparalleled in history（史无前例的）。3. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.【译文】 美国及其国民的富裕是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达到的。【析句】 句子的主干结构是America and Americans were prosperous，beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians作全句的状语。whose economies the war had destroyed作定语从句修饰the Europeans and Asians。【讲词】 beyond表示“在之外”。His house is just beyond the fence.（他的家就在篱笆那边。）Understanding this article is beyond my capacity.（我看不懂这篇文章。）Its quite beyond me why she married such a heavy smoker.（我实在无法理解为什么她会嫁给这样一个烟鬼。）The fruit is beyond my reach.（那个果子我够不着。）4. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.【译文】 曾有一段时间，似乎半导体制造业是另一个将要覆没的产业，要知道半导体正是美国人所发明，它在计算机新时代起着核心作用。【析句】 全句主句部分的主谓结构是it looked，as though（即as if好像）引导的从句是looked（看上去）的表语。表语从句中主语为the making of semiconductors，谓语为was going to be，而逗号之间的两个which从句是the making of semiconductors的非限定性定语，同时又是插入语。【讲词】 the making of semiconductors应该译成“半导体制造业”，而不是“半导体制造”，否则句子就令人费解了。casualty原意是“伤亡”，例如：The number of casualties in the traffic accident is still unknown.（车祸的死亡人数还不清楚。）本文中指“被国外产品击败的美国本土产业”，考虑到汉语的表达习惯，casualty在句中译成“覆没的产业”比较合适。2000 Passage 25. The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in uppermiddleclass India compared to the tribes.【译文】 今天这种极其显著的平均化每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同意味着，与部落相比较，自然选择在印度中上阶层已经失去了80的效力。【析句】 该句的主语是The grand mediocrity，谓语是means，其后跟着that引导的宾语从句，其中compared to the tribes是过去分词结构作状语，完整的说法是if/when it (the natural selection) is compared to the tribes。破折号中间的成分（everyone of offspring）是插入语，其中survival和number of offspring都是介词in的宾语。【讲词】 mediocrity意为“平常，平庸”或指“平常的人，平庸的人”。其形容词是 mediocre（平庸，平凡，普通）。When something is distinctly not as good as it could be, it is mediocre.（要是某个东西没有明显的好坏之处，那肯定是一个平庸的东西。）结合插入语（破折号里的词语），可以确定the grand mediocrity of today是指每个人的生存机会和后代的数量相同，因此这个词组可以译为“今天这种很普遍的平均化”。offspring有子女的意思，但在这里建议译成“后代”，因为显然难以确定只是指一代人。6. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship,as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”【译文】 达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化一无所知的人：他们“看待有机的生命如同野人看着一艘大船，以为是某个完全不能理解的东西”。【析句】 Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution是主句，冒号后的句子是主句中a phrase的同位语。该同位语从句中的结构是A does something as B does something。注意句尾的his指代前面的a savage。beyond his comprehension意思是说超出了他的理解范围。【讲词】 ignorant意为“无知的，愚昧的”。例如：an ignorant mistake（愚昧的错误）。如果表示对什么无知，需用固定搭配to be ignorant of。Some people in the West are ignorant of what China is now.（西方有些人对中国的现状视而不见。）beyond通常作介词，表示“在以外”。The villagers asked for nothing beyond peace and quiet.（那些村民除了平安和平静外一无所求。）注意beyond可以作名词。 Sputnik is the first satellite to enter the great beyond of space.（苏联人造地球卫星是进入未知空间的第一颗人造卫星。）2000 Passage 37. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.【译文】 当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时，理应弄清其倡导者的目标所在，因为无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、不可思议，将来都有可能被视为正常的。【析句】 该句是一个因果关系的并列句，主句和从句都是复合句。主句（When it is advisable aiming at）表示结果，从句（for as normal）表示原因。【讲词】 attain原意为“达到，获得”。When Christians first attained to power in Rome, they took part in wars both defensive and aggressive.(当基督教徒首次在罗马取得权力之后，他们参与了进攻与防御战争。）Schubert never attained the recognition that he deserved during his lifetime.（舒伯特生前从没有获得他应有的认可。）句中attains a certain fashion意为gains recognition as a certain fashion，即获得认可而成为某种时尚。farfetched意为“牵强附会的，不可能的”。Looking at some of the criticisms weve gotten so far,I dont think this is farfetched.（看看我们征集到的某些批评意见，我认为这一条意见并不牵强附会。）8. With regard to Futurist poetry,however,the case is rather difficult,for whatever Futurist poetry may beeven admitting that the theory on which it is based may be rightit can hardly be classed as Literature.【译文】 然而，就未来派诗歌而言，情况却相当不同，因为无论未来派诗歌为何物即使承认其理论根据也许是正确的，它也很难被称之为文学。【析句】 该句也是一个因果关系的并列句。however是插入语，表示此句与上一句之间是转折关系。With regard to Futurist poetry作状语。the case is rather difficult是主句，表示结果。for之后的句子成分表示原因，其主干结构为it can hardly be classed as Literature，it指Futurist poetry。而破折号之间的成分则是插入语，on which it is based是the theory的定语从句。【讲词】 classify意为“分类,分等”，例如：classify books by subjects（按学科将图书分类）。The water of the beach is clean and it is classified as a Grade 1 beach.（沙滩的海水很干净，因而这里被定为一级沙滩。）The plane crash was classified by the government as an act of terrorism.（政府把这起飞机失事确定为恐怖主义事件。）9. This,in brief,is what the Futurist says: for a century,past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up,till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently,our feelings,thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.【译文】 简而言之，未来派诗人宣称：一个世纪以来，过去的生活状况一直在有条件地发生急剧变化，结果到了现在我们生活在一个充斥着喧嚣、暴力和快节奏的世界之中。因此，我们的感情、思想和情绪都经历了相应的变化。【析句】 在第一句中，从句what the Futurist says作宾语，冒号之后的成分作宾语的同位语。【讲词】 speed up意为“加速”。We need to speed up our economic development.（我们需要加速经济发展。）In the past few years,China and India have sped up their talks on border disputes.（在过去几年，中国和印度加快了有关边境争端的会谈。）corresponding意为“相应的”，例如：All rights carry with them corresponding responsibilities.（所有的权利都带有相应的义务。）This paper intends to discuss Chinas social security and the corresponding policy.（这篇论文意图讨论中国的社会保障及其相关政策。）10. We must pour out a large stream of essential words,unhampered by stops,or qualifying adjectives,or finite verbs.【译文】 我们必须大量使用基本词汇，摆脱句号、修饰性形容词及限定动词的羁绊。【析句】 该句中主句为We must pour out a large stream of essential words，而 unhampered by stops,or qualifying adjectives,or finite verbs是过去分词引导的伴随状语。注意or连接的qualifying adjectives和finite verbs与stops并列，而不与 a large stream of essential words并列。【讲词】 unhampered在句中是过去分词，表示“不受束缚，不受阻碍”。This policy intends to keep investments unhampered.（制定这一政策的目的是排除对投资的干扰。）qualify意为“（使）有资格；限制的意义，修饰”。a qualifying watch资格赛，入围赛。Adjectives qualify nouns.（形容词修饰名词。）pour out表示“大量涌出；倒出；倾诉”。I poured out all my alcohol and threw away all my drugs. Ive been sober ever since.（我倒掉了我所有的烈性酒，扔掉了我所有的毒品。从此之后，我滴酒不沾，一点毒品也不碰。）As the lark poured out her melody clearer and stronger, he fell into a graver and profounder silence.（云雀的歌声越来越清脆，越来越有力，而他则越发变得庄重，越发变得沉默。）11. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the riverand then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eightyfive kilograms.”【译文】 但是有一行诗看了注解才明白诗的内容，这一点实在让人感到有些不安。诗中描写一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在一座桥上搏斗，两人都从桥上掉进水中这一行诗仅仅描写了他们的落水声和体重：“扑通！扑通！185公斤。”【析句】 it是全句的形式主语，实际主语是两个并列成分（to read和and then to find）。注意read的宾语是that a certain line into the river，而in the explanatory notes作状语。find后接一个that从句作宾语，冒号后面引号中间的成分是the line的同位语。【讲词】 line除了表示“线，线条；路线；航线”等以外，还可以指“（诗）行，台词”。For a time he believed that he would not make a good actor as he could not deliver his lines.（有一段时间，他以为自己不会成为一个优秀的演员，因为他记不住台词。）12. All the same,no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.【译文】 实际上，没有一个善于思考的人会拒绝接受他们的第一个观点：即情感生活的巨大变化要求表达方式也随之变化。【析句】 句中their指代上文的Furturist（未来派诗人）。that从句是proposition的同位语，说明了其内容。注意句中的双重否定：no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition没有一个有思想的人能否决他们的第一个观点，也就是“几乎人人都会接受他们的第一个观点”。【讲词】 proposition意为“提议，建议”，与proposal的意思差不多，但是 proposition还可以表示“命题”。This proposition is misleading about how teachers jobs work.（这一提议对老师的工作有误导的成分。）call for意为“要求；呼吁；为叫喊；适合”。The government called for patience in the wake of Hurricane Katrina.（在发生卡特里娜飓风之后，政府呼吁人民要有耐心。）This news calls for champagne.（这个消息值得开香槟酒庆祝。）2000 Passage 413. Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.【译文】 战后日本的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所称羡，因此漫无目标根本就算不上是战后日本的特色。【析句】 注意句子的主干结构是Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan，而定语从句（whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe）修饰the postwar Japan。由于定语太长，因此在翻译时适当调整了句子的结构。【讲词】 envy意为“羡慕,嫉妒”，它既可以作动词又可以作名词，在本句中作名词。 If the rumors prove true,Jay will be the envy of Taiwanese men.（如果谣言属实，周杰伦将成为台湾男人羡慕的对象。）Martine says this figure may have fallen still further since 1990,an achievement that makes it the envy of many other Third World countries.（马丁尼说这一数字也许从90年代以来进一步下降，这一成就使得它（巴西）成为许多其他第三世界国家羡慕的对象。）14. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the maledominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.【译文】 战后婴儿潮（出生高峰期）的到来及妇女进入男性主宰的就业市场，限制了青少年的发展机遇，他们已经开始质疑在进好学校、找好工作，攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯的过程中所付出的巨大的个人牺牲是否值得。【析句】 本句的主语是The coming and an entry，谓语是have limited，宾语是 the opportunities of teen-agers，而who are schools and jobs是宾语的定语从句，该从句中involved in schools and jobs又是personal sacrifices的补语。【讲词】 dominate意为“控制，占优势”。Successful leaders dominate events rather than react to them.（成功的领导者是事先控制事件而不是事后才做反应。） Ambition dominated his life.（他的生活受野心驱使。）questioning的意思是“质问，质疑”。15. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister,raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents”.【译文】 去年，时任教育大臣的濑户光夫提出二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”，一时间舆论哗然。【析句】 本句主语是Mitsuo Setoyama（濑户光夫），从句who was then education minister是其定语，谓语是raised eyebrows。when he argued that是全句的时间状语从句，其中that引导的从句是argued的宾语，该宾语从句中主语是liberal reforms，谓语是had weakened，宾语是the “Japanese morality of respect for parents”， introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II是liberal reforms的定语。【讲词】 raise eyebrows字面意思是“扬起眉毛”，但其实际意思是“引起不满”。The plan initiated by the government raised eyebrows in the country.（政府推行的计划引起了国人的不满。）16. With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japans 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated,twogeneration households.【译文】 随着经济的发展，居住呈集中化。日本的人口为1.19亿，其中足有76住在城市，在那里社区和几世同堂的大家庭已经成为过去，而取而代之的是单门独户的两代之家。【析句】 全句由两个并列的分句组成，由分号隔开。在第一分句中，主干是With economic growth has come centralization，是一个倒装结构，正常的词序是 Centralization has come with economic growth。在第二个分句中，in cities是状语，其后面跟了一个定语从句（where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated,twogeneration households）。【讲词】 centralization意为“集中化”，在句中指家庭成员减少，即一般的家庭都是 nuclear family（核心家庭），家庭成员只是父母加子女。与nuclear family相对的概念是extended family（扩大家庭），即家庭成员至少包括三代人。community通常译为“社区”,也可表示“社会”，如international community（国际社会）。2000 Passage 517. If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambitionwealth, distinction, control over ones destinymust be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambitions behalf.【译文】 如果抱负得到高度的重视，那么它的回报财富、声望、对个人命运的掌握则必须被认为值得为之做出牺牲。【析句】 此句包含一个if引导的条件状语从句If ambition is to be well regarded，全句的主语是the rewards of ambition，谓语是must be deemed，而破折号中的词语是插入语，作the rewards的同位语。made on ambitions behalf是 the sacrifices的定语。【讲词】 distinction在句中意为“声望”。ambition有“野心，雄心”的意思，但是考虑到“野心”和“雄心”在汉语中的含意不尽相同，一个是负面的表述，一个是正面的表述，因此译成“抱负”比较合适。worthy of意为“对得起”或“不辜负”。He is a man worthy of our admiration.（他是一个值得我们称赞的人。）Is he worthy of your love?（他值得你爱吗？）on behalf of意为“为了；代表”。This is a statement issued on behalf of the president.（这是以总统名义发表的声明。）Id like to offer my congratulations on behalf of my family.（我代表全家向你表示祝贺。） 18. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality,it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,the educated not least among them.【译文】 如果抱负的传统具有生命力，那么它就应该受到广泛的推崇，尤其应该受到那些自身得到他人羡慕的人们的高度重视，尤其是其中接受过良好教育的人。【析句】 本句由两个分句构成。前一个分句包含由if引导的条件状语，主句中的主语it指代the tradition of ambition。后一分句中who are themselves admired修饰 people，the educated not least among them是people的补语。注意people who are themselves admired指“自己也受人仰慕的人”。The educated among them是指为人仰慕的人当中那些接受过良好教育的人。【讲词】 not least与not least of all意思相同，意为“尤其是”。It pays to know the enemy,not least because at some time you may have the opportunity to turn him into a friend.（了解敌人有好处，尤其是在某个时候你也许有机会把你的敌人变成你的朋友。）Control is critical to any business success,not least of all in China.（控制对于生意的成功是至关重要的，尤其是在中国。） 19. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this,a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them.【译文】 这其中有着浓厚的虚伪成分，恰如马跑后再关上马厩的门那样，而受过良好教育的人自己正骑在那些马背上。【析句】 a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped是前面主句的补语，with the educated themselves riding on them是补语中的伴随状语。后句的比喻，即马跑了再关上马厩的门与汉语的成语“亡羊补牢”没有任何关系，它的意思更接近于“掩耳盗铃”。作者在这里批评那些接受过良好教育的人，他们本人有野心或雄心，但却反过来谴责抱负。【讲词】 hypocrisy意为“虚伪；伪善”。The Open Door policy advocated by the United States is sheer hypocrisy.（美国所倡导的门户开放政策是十足的虚伪表现。）hypocritical是形容词，意为“虚伪的”，hypocrite指虚伪的人。note意为“口气，口吻；调子；成分”。There is a note of anxiety in her voice.(她的声音里有一点焦急的意思。）20. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes,European travel,BMWsthe locations,place names and name brands may change,but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.【译文】 当然，人们现在对成功及其标志的兴趣似乎并未比从前减弱。避暑别墅、欧洲旅行、宝马车它们的位置、地名和商标可能会改变，但现在对这些东西的需求似乎并未比一二十年前减少。【析句】 此处出现了两个比较级，less interested in success and its signs now than formerly和less in demand today than a decade or two years ago。另外注意句中的双重否定：一是do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly，一是do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago。【讲词】 summer homes指富人在夏天避暑的房子，因此应该译成“避暑别墅”。 name brands指商标。in demand意为“有需求”。The careers in demand that we have identified all require some level of education.（我们所公布的待聘职位都需要一定的教育程度。） Qualified teachers are in great demand in the rural areas.（农村地区需要大量合格的教师。）21. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams,as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.【译文】 现在的情况是人们不能像以前那样轻易而公开地坦陈自己的梦想，惟恐别人认为自己爱出风头、贪婪、庸俗。【析句】 what一词指代的是that引导的从句（that people cannot confess fully to their dreams），as easily and openly as once they could作从句的状语。此外 lest引导的是一个带虚拟语气的假设状语从句。【讲词】 pushing意为“有进取心的,有冲劲的,急切的”。acquisitive意为“好学的；贪婪的”，例如：The boy was so acquisitive that he seemed interested in learning everything.（男孩很好学，不管学什么他似乎都有兴趣。）In an acquisitive society the form that selfishness predominantly takes is monetary greed.（在一个贪婪的社会里,贪财是自私自利的突出表现形式。）vulgar意为“粗俗的,庸俗的，下流的”。the technical and vulgar names of an animal species(动物种类的科学名称和通俗名称。）The newly rich like to dispaly their vulgar houses and cars.（新富喜欢炫耀其庸俗的房屋和汽车。）22. Instead,we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles,which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in threestar restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life,whose own children are enrolled in private schools.【译文】 相反我们目睹了比以前任何时候都多的虚伪景观：美国物欲主义批评家在南安普顿拥有一幢避暑别墅，激进图书的出版商在三星级餐馆就餐，倡导终生参与民主制的新闻记者把自己的子女送进私立学校。【析句】 本句的主句是we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles。非限定性的定语从句（which now more than ever seem in ample supply）修饰spectacles。冒号后面的成分是三个并列的名词性短语，其核心词分别是critic，publisher和 journalist。spectacles在文中意为“壮观景象”，有一定的反讽意味。【讲词】 be treated to“被款待，被招待”，例如：She treated herself to a day in the country.（她花了一天时间在乡间游玩。）该词组的意思是to be provided with或to be given,因而，在译成汉语时应该考虑加上合适的动词。in supply和in demand词义相反，意为“供应”，in ample supply意为“供应充足”。反之，表示“供应短缺”英语是in short supply。23. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional,the proper formulation is,“Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”【译文】 对于这样的人，以及更多也许不太出色的人而言，恰当的行为准则是：“不惜一切代价获得成功，但要避免让人看出雄心勃勃。”【析句】 For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional是句子的状语，主语是the proper formulation，谓语是系动词is，表语是引号里的内容。【讲词】 formulation意为“