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英语分类,公共英语 (Ordinary English、Common English、General English ) 专业英语 (Specialized English、Professional English、English for Special Science and Technology),2. Exams Classroom participation :20% ; paper: 40% Final exam : 40%,1. Contents,3. Suggestions for You,教学基本要求,1、能顺利阅读物理学有关专业的原版教科书、参考书及其他参考资料,能掌握其中心大意,抓住主要事实和有关细节。 2、对其中重要的论著和文献等材料能正确理解、抓住要点,并对其内容进行分析、推理、判断和综合概括 3、能写作简单的专业语句,能正确无误地写作论文的英文摘要。 4、阅读是侧重,基本上结合阅读实践来讲解,Dynamics is the study of forces and their effects on the motions of bodies. The cause of acceleration is a force exerted by some external agent or environment. The fundamental properties of force and the relationship between force and acceleration are given by Newtons three laws of motion. The first of these laws describes the natural state of motion of a free body on which no external forces are acting, whereas the other two laws deal with the behavior of bodies under the influence of force.,两者的共同之处:词汇、语法基本相通。 两者的不同之处:具有各自的特点。例如,公共英语:随意性(randomicity)、口语性(colloquialism)、感情性强(emotionality)。,科技英语的特点,1、客观性,被动语态多,传统上,一般尽量少用或不用we、you、I、 they。近代打破了这个清规戒律,但还是要尽可能减少出现次数。,If the battery is disconnected, the capacitor retains the charge and the voltage associated with it. 如果断开电池,电容将保持电荷和与电荷相关的电压。,Also if a coil is placed on an iron core, its inductance will be greater than it was without the magnetic core. 而且,如果线圈中放一个铁芯,它的电感将比没有铁芯的线圈的电感大。 此句than引导一个比较状语从句。,科技英语的特点,以人为主与也不要用We,you, 而经常用one来代替。: The laser performances at 1.33 m in continuous wave (cw) and passive Q-switching operation of a diode-end-pumped Nd:Gd3AlxGa5-xO12 (Nd:GAGG) laser have been investigated for the first time.,2、专业英语长句多。一个句子除主句外,往往在句中穿插许多从句和分词、不定式非谓语形式。 With a non-critically phase-matched KTA crystal, a high-power intracavity optical parametric oscillator (IOPO) driven by a diode-side-pumped acousto-optically Q-switched Nd:YAG laser has been realized. 。,3、专业术语多,许多词汇只在本专业使用. 如 cold boot, circuit diagram、 energy band。 4、半专业词汇较多,介于公共与专业之间,不同专业词汇含义不同. 如 driver,司机、驱动源、驱动器 operation 机械操作 军事作战 计运算 医手术 carrier 机械托架、底盘军事 航空母舰 半导体载流子医带毒者通信 载波 航天运载工具 、火箭 日常搬运工(车、船),5、利用前后缀合成新词多,前后缀共有500多,必须掌握50 个最基本的前后缀,如Sub-,有下面(sub-layer)、次(sub-wave)、小(sub-quantity)和子(sub-field)的含义。 6、缩、略写的词多,如,laser( light amplified by stimulated emission radiation )、PE(potential energy)、KE(kinetic energy)、FCC (Face-centred cubic)、HCP(Hexagonal close-packing)、BCC(Body-centred cubic)。,7、省略句 The first treatment would require a minimum of 48 hours, while the second treatment would require only 26 hours. 第一次处理最少需要48小时,而第二次处理只需要26小时。 可以省略为: The first treatment would require a minimum of 48 hours, the second only 26 hours.,- If(it is) alloyed with tin,copper forms a series of alloys which are known as bronze. 如果将铜与锡熔合,就能形成叫做青铜的一系列合金 由关联词that或which引导的定语从句,可将关联词和从句谓语中的助动词一并省略。如上句中的which可予省略,留下作定语用的分词“known as bronze“;并且还可进一步省略成: - Alloyed with tin,copper forms a bonze. 用锡合金化,铜就形成青铜。,常见省略句型,As already discussed 如前面讨论过的 As noted later 如后面所说明的 If any (anything) 如果有的话,即使需要也 If convenient 如果方便的话 If necessary 必要时,如果必要的话 If possible 如有可能 If required 如果需要(的话) If not 即使不 If so 如果是这样,果真如此 When in use 在使用时;当工作时 When necessary 必要时 When needed 需要时,如果需要 Where possible 在可能的情况下,如有可能,翻译技巧,一、翻译的标准,准确、 简练、 流畅,1.译文要忠实于原文,准确完整表达原文的内容,使译文在表达思想、精神、风格体裁上与原文完全相同。 2.语言必须符合规范,符合本民族语言习惯。 3.专业术语正确,数据无误,具有科学性。,准确,You cannot be too careful. I couldnt get home fast enough. 我恨不得马上回到家里。 No man can have too many friends. 朋友愈多愈好。,简练,Let those who can serve as teachers. (让那些能当老师的人来当老师。) 能者为师 When a straight bar is subjected to a tensile load, the bar becomes longer. 直杆受拉,则伸长。,流畅,The assumption of a uniform distribution of stress is frequently made in design. 在设计中,常常采用压力均布的假定。,应该注意避免死译和乱译,死译 -the Milky Way (牛奶路) 银河 -black tea (黑茶) 红茶 - bulls eye (公牛眼睛) 靶心 -talk horse (谈马 ) 吹牛,应该注意避免死译和乱译,死译 -Problems encountered in the test indicate the need for following additional design refinements. 死译:试验中碰到的问题指明了下述另外的设计改进的必要。 正确:试验中出现的问题表明: 还需要对原设计进行下述改进。 -There is not room in this chapter to do any more than mention some of the research which has been carried out. 死译:在本章中,没有地方来做比提及某些已经进行的研究更多的事情。 正确:限于篇幅,本章只提及某些业已进行的研究工作。,应该注意避免死译和乱译,乱译 -To do this aircraft will fly at 2000 to 4000 m.p.h. 乱译:制成这样的飞机,飞机每小时要飞行2000到4000英里。 正译:要做到这一点,飞机每小时要飞行2000到4000英里。,二、翻译方式 1.直译 指忠实地保持原文的用词、语法、结构及语气风格等。尽力保持原文精粹和面目 2.意译 译文大胆打破原文用词、语法结构语气风格的限制。符合汉语的表达方式和习惯。,例一,One way to picture the earth and the moon is to think of them as a pair of dancing partners spinning wildly around a dance floor with the sun in the center. Since the earth is 81 times as heavy as the moon,it is the anchorman in the dance. (taken from We Reach the Moon) 一个描述地球和月球的方法,是将它们想象成一对舞伴,在一个以太阳为中心的跳舞场周围热烈地旋转。地球比月球重八十一倍,所以它是跳舞中的男舞伴。(摘自我们到了月球),例 二,Jet propulsion is a practical application of Newtons third law of motion which states that ,for every force acting on a body there is an opposite and reaction. For aircraft propulsion ,the “body” is atmospheric air that is caused to accelerate as it passes through the engine. The force required to give this acceleration. A jet engine produces thrust in a similar way to the propeller/engine combination, but whereas the propeller gives a small acceleration to a large weight of air, the jet engine gives a large acceleration to a small weight of air.(taken from Principles of Jet Propulsion),喷气推进是牛顿的运动第三定律的具体运用。第三定律说:“作用在一个物体上的任何力,都有一个大小相等方向相反的作用力”。对于飞机推进来说,“物体”就是大气,大气通过发动机时获得加速。加速大气的力在相反方向也产生一个使飞行器加速的大小相等的力。喷气发动机与螺旋桨式发动机的方式相似,但螺旋桨给大量空气以小的加速度,而喷气发动机则给小量的空气以大的加速度。(摘自喷气推进原理),Skills of Translation 词类转译(I),在英译汉过程中,由于英汉两种语言的语言结构和表达方式不同,不能逐词对译。原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类,才能使译文通顺自然。,(一)名词的转换,名词转换为动词 名词在英汉两种语言中的使用有各自不同的特点。英语中,一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词,因此名词用得多些;而汉语中一个句子往往可以连用几个动词或动词词组,因此动词用得多些。英译汉中如果逐词对译的话,往往难以符合汉语的表达习惯,将英语名词转换成汉语动词后,这一问题便迎刃而解。具体有下面两种情况:,(1)将由动词派生的名词转译成动词,例:I have no private interest in the acceptance of my inventions by the world. 我的发明为世界所采用,我未从中获得任何私利。,2名词转换为形容词,一些由形容词派生的英语名词和一些作表语的英语名词在译成汉语时,有时需要转换成汉语的形容词。 例:The launching was proved to be a success. 事实证明这次发射是成功的。,3名词转换为副词,一些英语名词还可以转换成副词。 例:He had the kindness to show me the way. 他十分友好地给我指路。,(二)动词的转换,动词转换成名词 英语中有不少动词是由名词派生或转用而来的,翻译这些动词时往往难以找到对应的汉语动词,因此需要把它们还原成名词。 例:Television works in much the same way as radio. 电视机的工作原理与无线电广播几乎完全相同。,1.This current is dependent on the voltage of the battery, on the dimensions of the sample, and on the conductivity of the material itself. (流过材料的)电流取决于电池的电压、材料的截面积和材料自身的电阻率。 be dependent (on):“由决定,取决于”,后接三个on连接的并列宾语。,One ohm is defined as that amount of resistance that will limit the current in a conductor is one ampere when the voltage applied to the conductor is one volt. 本句可译为:1欧姆的定义是:当加到导体上的电压为1伏特时,将导体中的电流限制在1安培所需的电阻值。,a) be defined as:“被定义为”,后接宾语,此处为省略“that”的宾语从句。 b) 该句为双重复合句,在as后的宾语从句中又分别带有一个定语从句和一个when引导的状语从句。句中出现两个that,第一个that作定语修饰amount,第二个that引导定语从句,修饰前面的名词短语。,The capacitance is directly proportional to the dielectric constant of the material and to the area of the plates and inversely to the distance of the plates. 电容器的电容量与介质的介电常数及平板的面积成正比,与平板间的距离成反比。 to directly proportional:“与成正比” b) to inversely proportional to:“与成反比”,When a current passes through the coil, a magnetic field is set up around it that tends to oppose rapid changes in current intensity. 本句可译为:当电流通过线圈时,在线圈周围将产生磁场,它将阻止电流的快速变化。 句中that引导定语从句,修饰a magnetic field,it指代the coil。 Also if a coil is placed on an iron core its inductance will be greater than it was without the magnetic core. 本句可译为:而且,如果线圈中放一个铁芯,它的电感将比没有铁芯的线圈的电感大。 此句than引导一个比较状语从句。,Skills of Translation 词类转译(),(三)形容词的转换 (1)形容词转换为动词 英语形容词除了修饰名词以外常常和系动词一起构成系表结构,表示各种状态、知觉、情感、态度、欲望等等,后面可以通过介词接宾语。翻译时,往往把这类形容词转译成动词。以下是一些通常可译成动词的“形容词+介词”的结构:,dependent on (upon) 取决于,依赖于 destitute of 缺乏,没有 destructive of (to) 有害于,有损于 devoid of 缺少,缺乏 different from 不同于 empty of 缺少,没有 equal to 等于,胜任 equivalent to 等于,相当于 exclusive of (from) 不算,不包括,免除,famous at 善于 free from (of) 免于,免除,不 fraught with 充满 full of 充满 harmful to 有害于,有损于 inferior to 不及 next to 次于 parallel to (with) 平行于 peculiar to 限于,perpendicular to 垂直于 poor in 缺乏 pregnant with 包含,充满 preferable to 优于,胜过 responsible for 负责,负担 scarce of 缺乏,不足 similar to 类似于,short of 缺乏,缺少 subject to 受的支配 suitable for (to) 适于 void of 没有,缺乏 worthy of 值得 relative to 和有关,(2)形容词转换为名词,由于表达方式不同,翻译时还可将一些形容词转换成名词。 例:After the battle they buried the dead. 战斗结束后他们掩埋了阵亡者。,(3)形容词转换为副词,上文提到,一些英语名词在翻译时要转换成汉语动词,那么相应地,修饰这些英语名词的形容词也通常要转换成汉语副词或补语。 例:A continuous increase in the temperature of a gas confined in a container will lead to a continuous increase in the internal pressure within the gas. 不断增加密闭容器内的气体温度,会使气体的内压力不断增大。,It has a wide range of applications in such fields as audio power amplifiers,timer,voltage regulators,sensitive measuring circuits,etc. 本句可译为:它在如音频功率放大器、定时器、稳压器、传感测试电路等领域具有广泛的应用。 These high gain amplifiers are now used for a wide variety of applications,but the name “operational amplifier“ or “op-amp“ is normally used even though no mathematical operations are involved. 这种高增益放大器现在已被广泛用于各个方面,即使不再涉及数学运算,但通常仍称之为运算放大器或“op-amp”。,When a suitable amount of negative feedback is employed, the differences between integrated circuit operational amplifier of the same type number can be made negligible for all practical purposes. 当加了一定量的负反馈时,在实际使用中同种型号集成运算放大器的区别可忽略。 employed:此处意为“使用”。,The operational amplifier can be employed to generate square waves and can be made to perform a variety of mathematical operations by designing the feedback circuitry in such a way that the voltages at various parts of the circuit are proportional to the variables of interest. 本句可译为:运算放大器可以用来产生方波,也可用使电路中各点的电压与感兴趣的变量成比例这样的方式设计负反馈电路,从而可用运算放大器来完成各种数学运算。,Skills of Translation 特殊词的处理(数词),在日常生活和科技文章中,经常出现大量的数词。我们在翻译的时候要特别注意下面几种表示法。,(一)倍数表示法,由于英汉两种语言中表示倍数的方法不一样,因此在翻译“倍数”时应注意两种语言习惯的不同。如:我们说“翻一番”、“增加一倍”或“是的两倍”时,应译为“double”;而说“增加了两倍”则要用“three times”或“ treble ”。又如“ five times greater” 译成汉语时应为“大五倍”或“是的6倍”。总之,翻译时要注意用“数词times”来表示倍数关系。,(1)表示“恰好是的X倍时”,用“be+ X times that”或“be+ X times as as”来表示。 例1:This substance reacts three times as fast as the other one. 这种物质的反应速度是另一物质的3倍。 例2:Our total income of 1998 was double that of 1997. 我们1998年的总收入是1997年的两倍。,(2)当表示“增加到”时,用动词“increase / rise / attain +介词( to )”。 例1:Both the power generating capacity and supply will increase to two times. 发电能力和供电量都将增加一倍。 例2:New boosters can increase the payload to 120%. 新型助推器能使有效负载增加到120%。 当表示“增加了”时,用动词“increase / rise +( by )”,此时,要注意“增加了”表示的是净增数,不包括原有的数量在内。 例1:New boosters can increase the payload by 120%. 新型助推器能使有效负载增加了120%。,(二)分数减少表示法,汉语中说到的“减少到原来的几分之几”或“减少到原来的百分之几”,在英语中的表示方法很多,可以用几分之几、百分之几表示,也可用倍数表示,或用一般数量表示。 The volume of an electric motor can be reduced by one third by using glass fiber for electric insulation. 用玻璃纤维作为电器绝缘材料,可使电动机的体积缩小了三分之一。,In the real world, we can convert these signals into digital signals through the analog-to-digital converter, process the signals, and if needed, bring the signals back out to the analog world through the digital-to-analog converter. 在现实世界中,我们通过模数转换器将信号转换为数字信号,然后对信号进行处理;如果需要的话,用数模转换器将信号转换到模拟世界中去。 analog-to-digital converter:模数转换器 digital-to-analog converter:数模转换器,翻译练习,With respect to DSP, the factor that distinguishes it from traditional computer analysis of data is its speed and efficiency in performing sophisticated digital processing functions such as filtering, FFT analysis, and data compression in real time. 本句可译为:说到DSP,它与传统计算机数据分析的区别在于:它在实时进行滤波、FFT分析和数据压缩等复杂信号处理时的速度和效率。 with respect to:与有关 b) distinguish from:区分,辨别,Real-time performance simulation and emulation a) simulation:模拟,一般是指用软件的方法模拟微处理器的功能。 b) emulation:仿真,是用硬件设备仿真器(emulator)监测微处理器的实时运行。,Skills of Translation 常见否定短语的翻译,英语中常能见到带否定词的短语或习语,有的甚至并不表示否定意义,翻译时应根据上下文判断。现列举在科技文章中常见的几个带否定词的短语。,表示否定的词组,at no time 从来没有 by no means (under no circumstances;in no account) 决不 come to nothing 毫无结果 have nothing in common 与毫无共同之处 make no difference 没有关系,没有影响 more often than not 多半,通常 not a bit 一点也不,not a quarter 远不是,完全不是 not amount too much 没有什么了不起 not to speak of 更不用说,当然 nothing but,nothing else but (than),nothing less than 只不过是,不外是 spare no pains 不遗余力 to say nothing of 更不用说了 there is no (little) doubt 毫无疑问,Digital images can be filtered using two-dimensional convolution with a convolution kernel. 本句可译为:数字图像的滤波可以通过使用卷积算子进行二维卷积实现。 two-dimensional convolution:二维卷积 Low pass filters blur images, high pass filters emphasize sharp changes in gray scale level, and edge filters locate edges in an image. 低通滤波器使图像变得模糊,高通滤波器突出了图像的灰度锐变,边缘滤波器对图像边缘进行定位。,Skills of Translation 复杂句的翻译,英汉两种语言句子的不同特点是:英语句子长,且结构较紧;而汉语句子短,结构较松。尤其是英语的科技文章,由于各种从句的嵌套,使句子结构变得比较复杂,句子也较长,如果不加以处理而直接翻译成汉语,就不符合汉语的表达习惯,所以在翻译中我们一般采取以下几种方法。,1顺序法,如果英语原句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序基本上与汉语句子的语序一致,一般采用顺序法,即汉译时仍然按英语原句的顺序。 例:Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere ,coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcinations of limestone widely present in nature. 塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是取之不尽的、到处可以获得的天然资源;煤是用自动化和机械化的方法开采的,成本较低;石灰是由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石得来的。,2逆序法,如果英语在原句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序正好与汉语句子的语序相反,一般可采用逆序法,即翻译时,译文的顺序正好与原文的顺序相反。 例:There is equilibrium between the liquid and its vapor, as many molecules being lost from the surface of the liquid and then existing as vapor, as reenter the liquid in a given time. 在一定时间内,许多分子从液体表面逸出,成为蒸汽,同时又有同样的分子重新进入液体,这样液体与蒸汽间总是存在平衡状态。,3拆译法,拆译法即中间开花法,就是从句子的中间部分入手,开始翻译。 例:To be sure, the time has passed when it could be a scientific discovery of first rank to explain by means of a telescope the spots on the surface of the moon as shadows of craters. 曾几何时,人们把望远镜观测到的月球表面的斑点解释为火山口的阴影,因而成为第一流的科学发现。毫无疑问,这样的时代已经一去不复返了。,4分译法,分译法就是变动英语原句的某些部分的位置,重新组织译文的句子,可将长句与其修饰成分分开译。 例:Atomic nuclei consist of combinations of protons, or positively charged particles, and neutrons, or uncharged particles. 原子核由质子与中子结合而成,质子也叫带正电的粒子,中子也叫不带电的粒子。,5断句法,英语习惯用长句,而汉语则喜欢用短句,所以在汉译英语长句时,往往采取断句法,即把一长英语原句割断成两个或三个汉译句子。要注意的是虽然译文在句子结构上是分割了,但在意思上不能割断。 :Half-lives of different radioactive elements vary from as much as 900 million years for one form of uranium, to a small fraction of a second for one form of polonium. 不同的放射性元素,其半衰期也不同。有一种铀的半衰期长达9亿年,但有一种钋的半衰期却短到几分之一秒。(翻译时在原来的英语长句动词后断开,形成两个汉语短句。),In addition they offer high sensitivity as well as promoting the possible of remote indication or measurement. 本句可译为:它们不仅实现远程显示和测量,还能提供高灵敏度。 a) in addition:“另外,除之外” b) as well as:“又,也,和一样”,For example, a piezo-electric transducer normally produces an output voltage in response to the deformation of a crystalline material; however, if an alternating voltage is applied across the material, the transducer exhibits the reversible effect by deforming or vibrating at the frequency of the alternating voltage. 比如,在一般情况下,压电式传感器可根据晶体材料的变形产生一个输出电压;但是,如果在材料上施加一个可变电压,传感器可以通过变形或与变电压同频率的振动来体现可逆效应。 in response to:响应,适应,Skills of Translation And引导的句型(1),在学习英语的过程中,and是大家十分熟悉和经常使用的一个连词,用来连接词、短语和句子,它最基本的意义相当于汉语的“和”、“与”、“并且”。但在实际翻译的过程中,特别是在连接两个句子时,它的译法很多,表达的意义不尽相同,如果不考虑and前后成分之间的逻辑关系,只用这几种译法生硬套用,未免造成理解上的失误,把整个句子搞错。,1And表示因果,例1:In 1945 a new type of aeroplane engine was invented, it was much lighter and powerful than earlier engines, and enabled war planes to fly faster and higher than ever. 1945年发明了一种新型的飞机发动机。它比早期发动机要轻得多,功率也要大得多,因此采用这种发动机的军用飞机比以往任何时候都飞得更快、更高。 例2:But since a digital signal is made up of a string of simple pulses, noise stands out and easily removed. 但由于数字信号由一组简单脉冲组成,杂音明显,容易发现,因而容易排除。,2And表示目的,例1:The solution was to place many filters in the system and hope for the best. 当时的解决办法是把许多过滤器放置在系统中,以期获得理想的去污效果。 例2:It was later shown that the results of this work were by no means the ultimate, and further work has been put in hand and to provide closer control and more consistent operation in this area. 后来发现,这项研究工作的结果绝非已作定论,而进一步的研究工作已开始,以便在这方面提供较严密的控制和较稳定的操作。,3And表示承接,例1:In many ways, computer is more superior than human brain, and human can rule it. 在许多方面计算机超过人脑,而人却可以控制它。 例2:The next usual step is to decide on the location of the filter and the choice may be influenced by some factors. 通常下一步是确定过滤器的位置,而位置的选择要受某些因素的影响。,4And表示原因,例1:Laser is widely used for developing many new kinds of weapons, and it penetrates almost everything. 激光广泛用于制造各种新式武器,是因为它的穿透力很强。 例2:Laser is incredibly deadly, and in the blink of an eye, it can destroy the enemys outer space communications satellites, shutting down much of their advanced intelligence system. 激光的杀伤力难以置信,因为它能在一瞬间摧毁敌人设置在外层空间的通信卫星,使其大部分的先进情报系统不能工作。,Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the design and application of devices, usually electronic circuits, the operation of which depends on the flow of electrons for the generation, transmission, reception, and storage of information. 本句可译为:电子学属于工程和应用物理学的范畴,一般研究由电子线路构成的设备的设计和应用。而电子线路的作用是利用电子的流动进行信息的产生、传输、接收和存储。 dealing with :“处理,涉及”,为分词短语,作定语,修饰electronics。,This first electronic device exhibited a nonlinear, unilateral electrical characteristic but was not capable of producing amplification of a signal. 本句可译为:第一个电子装置显示出其非线性的单一电子特征,但是不能产生放大信号。a) nonlinear:“非线性”,“non”为否定前缀。b) be capable of : “能够,胜任”,Incorporating an arrangement of semiconductor materials and electrical contacts, the transistor provides the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduced cost, weight, and power consumption and with higher reliability. 本句可译为:晶体管把半导体材料的结构和电气触点结合在一起,具有和真空管相同的功能,但是却减少了成本、重量和功耗,并具有更高的可靠性。 Incorporating an arrangement of semiconductor materials and electrical contacts:为分词短语作状语。,Subsequent advances in semiconductor technology,in part attributable to the intensity of research associated with the space-explo

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