中考英语总复习名词.doc

第一课时 名词考点讲解和训练【考点直击】1可数名词和不可数名词的用法； 2名词所有格的构成及用法；3近义名词的辨析。【名师点睛】一、名词的单复数I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：可数名词有单数和复数两种形式1、 单数名词前一般加a,an或者one。a用于辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于元音音素开头的单词前2、 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs, safe-safes, cliff-cliffs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以字母-o结尾的名词一般加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos, radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos只有四个加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes7以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,3.复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法情况 读法 例词 在ptkf等清辅音后 s cups, hats, cakes 在sztF等音后 iz glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces 在bdv等浊辅音后 z beds, dogs, cities, knives 4、 不规则名词复数：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice，tooth-teeth，child-children2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species, li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents,chopsticks, scissors4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7形似复数的单数名词physics, mathematics/maths, bowls, Niagara Falls, news, falls8表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Europeans单复数同形Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen9合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants、可数名词和不可数名词的修饰词1、 可数名词可以被a, an, one, two以及 how many，many，a few，few，any，lots of, a lot of ， some，several, a number of 等词修饰2、 在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法： 1）用much, a little, little, a lot of/lots of, some, any, a great deal of等表示多少，例如：The rich man has a lot of moneyThere is some milk in the bottleIs there any water in the glass？I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice 2）用a piece of 这类定语，例如：a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread a bottle of orange a glass of water（milk） a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如: two cups of teafour pieces of paperthree glasses of water2、 名词所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problem, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2、of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book, a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。3、 双重所有格，例如：a friend of my fathers, a friend of mine.注意：名词所有格（s）也可以用于无生命的东西，在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 s，例如：a twenty minutes walk，ten miles journey，a boats length，two pounds weight, ten dollars worth。 此表达可以和合成形容词互换two months vacation= two-month vacation【实例解析】1.（上海徐汇区中考试题） These _ have saved many childrens lives. A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor 答案：C。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。woman 作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。2. (河北省中考试题)This is _ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much. A. Anne and Jane B. Annes and Janes C. Annes and Jane D. Anne and Janes 答案：D。该题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时，只在后面的名词后加s。3. (吉林省中考试题) -Are there any _ on the farm? -Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep 答案：D。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断，主语应该是复数名词。只有sheep可用作复数名词。4. (佛山市中考试题) -What would you like to drink, _ or orange? -Orange, please. A. hamburger B. chip C. tea 答案：C。该题考查的是名词的类别。三种东西中只有tea能喝。【历年考点归纳】名词是英语中一种重要的实词,同时也是每年中考英语试题考查的一个热点 (备选项下面划横线的为正确答案) 一 对可数名词与不可数名词的考查 1. How many _are there in the international village? A. Chinese B. Russian C. American(汕头市) 2. The restaurant is so popular here. Look, there are so many_ here. A. food B. dish C. people D. waiter(徐州市) 3. Can I help you? Id like_ for my twin daughters. A. two pair of shoes B. two pairs of shoe C. two pair of shoe D. two pairs of shoes(滨州市) 4. Mrs Jenny gives us_ on how to learn English well. A. some advices B. many advices C. some advice D. an advice(天津市) 5. Are there any_on the farm? Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep(吉林省) 考点归纳 这类试题要求考生区分可数名词与不可数名词以及修饰可数名词与不可数名词的常用词语,并掌握将可数名词由单数形式变为复数形式的基本方法,还要熟记 dear, sheep, Chinese, Japanese 等单复数形式相同的名词,以及一些不规则名词的单复数形式,如 manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, policemanpolicemen, mousemice, footfeet, toothteeth, stomachstomachs 等 二 对名词所有格的考查 1. The computer on the desk is_. A. twins B. the twins C. the twins D. the twins(孝感市) 2. Mrs Black is a friend of_. A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers(资阳市) 3. It is over_ from Shijiazhuang to Beijing. A. three hours drive B. three hours drive C. three hours drives D. three hours drive(河北省) 4. Today is September 10th. It is_Day. A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the teachers D. Teachers(常德市) 5. Do you know the woman over there? Yes. Shes_aunt. A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. Lily and Lucys(济南市) 6. After playing football for more than half an hour, the students took_ rest. A. a few minutes B. a few minutes C. a little minutes D. a little minutes(天津市) 考点归纳 这类试题主要考查名词所有格的构成及其用法名词的所有格一般在词尾加“s”,这种形式的所有格主要用于有生命的名词以及表示时间距离等名词的后面注意:如果名词本身以表示复数意义的s结尾,构成所有格时直接在词尾加上“”即可另外,注意“As and Bs”型名词短语所有格表示两者分别拥有某物,而“A and Bs”型名词短语所有格表示两者共同拥有某物 三 对名词作定语的考查 1. There are three_ assistants in that_ shop. A. women; shoe B. woman; shoe C. woman; shoes D. women; shoes(孝感市) 2. Where are the_? They are playing_ football on the playground. A. boys students; the B. boy students; the C. boy students; D. boy student; (乌鲁木齐市) 3. Bill said they would have_ holiday. A. a two-month B. two-months C. two-monthes D. two-months(天津市) 考点归纳 一般情况下,名词作定语修饰主体名词时,常用单数形式;主体名词为复数形式时,作定语用的名词一般用单数形式,如 boy friends但以 man, woman 等名词作定语修饰主体名词时,若主体名词为复数形式, man 和 woman 也要变为复数形式,如 men doctors由“基数词 + 连词符号 + 名词”或“基数词 + 连词符号 + 名词+ 连词符号 + 形容词”构成的复合词作定语修饰主体名词时,复合词中的名词只能用单数形式 四 对易混名词的考查 1. At the foot of the hill you could hear nothing but the_ of the running water. A. shout B. noise C. voice D. sound(天津市) 2. Beth has a beautiful_. Listen! She is singing very well. A. voice B. look C. sound D. smell(杭州市) 3. What happened to you this morning? The teacher asked me for my_ when I was late again. A. meaning B. idea C. excuse D. answer(武汉市) 4. Oh, there isnt enough_ for us in the lift. No hurry. Lets wait for the next. A. floor B. ground C. room D. place(黄冈市) 5. Tom regards Nanjing as his second_ because he has been here for over ten years. A. family B. room C. house D. home(南京市) 6. Football is a popular_around the world. A. match B. goal C. game D. play(安徽省) 7. Excuse me, waiter. Were leaving. Can you bring me the_, please? A. money B. note C. bill D. list(杭州市) 考点归纳 这类试题主要考查一些语义相近而极易混淆的名词考生在平时要注意积累掌握一些常见易混名词的用法区别,如: family, home, room, house; problem, question; match, game; note, bill; door, gate, entrance 等 五 对名词所表示的相关意义的考查 1. Once upon a time we Chinese made the first kite. People used kites to send_ to other places, because they didnt have telephones, computers, or even radios. A. languages B. newspapers C. messages D. magazines(临沂市) 2. Heilongjiang is in the_of China. A. northeast B. northeastern C. northwest D. northwestern(天津市) 3. Lao She is the_of Tea House(茶馆). A. doctor B. actor C. scientist D. writer(陕西省) 4. I want to go to different places, but I dont know the_. A map is helpful, I think. A. price B. way C. time D. ticket(江西省) 5. Thomas Edison never gave up. During his lifetime, he had 1,093_. A. instructions B. competitions C. inventions D. injections(盐城市) 6. The TV_ on Channel Five are about sports. A. experiences B. performances C. programs D. problems(天津市) 7. Please give me a_ when you get to Beijing. All right. Ill tell you everything when I get there. A. newspaper B. ticket C. present D. ring(宁波市) 考点归纳 这类试题常常涉及其他学科的知识和日常生活常识,主要考查考生的综合素质只要考生能读懂句意,把握语境,一般不难作出正确的选择 六 对含有名词的固定短语的考查 1. Sorry, Jane. I took your school bag by_. It doesnt matter. A. hand B. mistake C. bike D. heart(盐城市) 2. Brian is so kind that he often gives me a_ when Im in trouble. A. reply B. seat C. hand D. reason(安徽省) 3. There will be many kinds of shoes_ this Sunday. Ill go and buy a pair for my daughter. A. on duty B. on show C. on business D. on watch(南宁市) 4. We should have_ in ourselves and we will make it if we have a try. A. success B. confidence C. progress D. knowledge(大连市) 考点归纳 这类试题主要考查考生对一些含有名词的固定短语的构成和意义的掌握情况,这就要求考生在日常的学习中熟记一些固定短语的结构和意义,如: by mistake“错误地”; on show“展览”; on business“因公”; on duty“值班”; give sb a hand“帮助某人”; have confidence in oneself“相信自己”; after a while“过一会儿”; in the end“最后”; make room for“给腾出空间“; make faces”做鬼脸“等 【中考演练】一. 单项填空1- Where have you been, Tim? - Ive been to _.A. the Henry house B. the Henry family C. The Henrys home D. Henrys2In England, if _ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner3You looked for it twice, but you havent found it. Why not try _ .A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once4- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly.A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters5Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday.A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear6There is some _ on the plate.A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears7In England, the last name is the _ .A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name8The are going to fly _ to Beijing.A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans9The_ has two _ .A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch10The little baby has two _ already.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths11Whats your _ for being late again?A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news12- Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly.- But I think we should let _ go out first.A. woman and children B. women and childC. woman and child D. women and children13- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_ ”on the door of his shop.- Thanks.A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURS C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING14Are they going to have a picnic on _ ?A. Childrens Day B. Childrenss Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day15Where are the