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Φ300研磨机设计(总体结构设计）[含6张CAD图纸和说明书全套打包]

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Φ300研磨机设计

摘要

　　　研磨是超精密加工中一种重要加工方法，其优点是加工精度高，加工材料范围广。由于传统研磨存在加工效率低、加工成本高、加工精度和加工质量不稳定等缺点，这使得传统研磨应用受到了一定限制，为了提高研磨加工效率，机械研磨机已经取代了传统的手工研磨。研磨机从加工精度上基本分为两种：一种是加工不仅对精度要求较高并对面形精度也有所要求的工件；另外一种是加工只要求表面粗糙度的零件,例如各种材质的机械密封环、陶瓷片、硅、石英晶体、石墨、蓝宝石、光学水晶、玻璃、铌酸锂、硬质合金、不锈钢等金属材料的平面研磨。这种研磨机适合加工一些尺寸较小，而且数量较大的零件。

　　　本文主要是合理的分析了研磨机的传动系统和研磨机械原理，本研磨机设计由电动机、减速装置、传动装置、研磨盘组成，根据研磨功率选择了合理的电动机，并设计了减速装置和主要的传动零件及研磨盘主轴。为了使研磨机具有足够的刚度、强度和稳定性，对蜗轮蜗杆减速器上的主要零部件进行了寿命校核，同时还对研磨盘主轴上的主要零部件进行了强度校核。

关键词：平面磨削，研磨，主轴，星型轮系传动

Φ300 Grinding Machine Design

　　　Author：Pan Qihao

　　　 Tutor：Li Changshi

Abstract

　　　Grinding is a kind of important ultra-precision processing method, its advantage is processing precision is high, wide range of materials. As the traditional grinding existence processing efficiency is low, the manufacturing cost is high, the processing precision and processing quality is not stable shortcomings, this makes the traditional grinding application subject to a certain limit, in order to improve the grinding machining efficiency, mechanical grinding machine have replaced the traditional manual polishing. From processing precision grinding machine on basic divided into two kinds: one kind is processing not only to higher accuracy and precision to form across the requirements of the workpiece; Another is only required processing surface roughness of parts, such as all kinds of material mechanical sealing rings, ceramics, silicon, quartz crystal, graphite, sapphire, optic crystal, glass, lithium niobate, hard alloy, stainless steel and other metal material plane grinding. This kind of grinding machine is suitable for processing some smaller, and the greater number of parts.

　　　 This paper is mainly reasonable analysis the grinding machine transmission system and grind mechanical principle, the grinding machine design from motor, slow, device, gearing, grinding plate composition, according to grinding chosen the reasonable motor power, and design a slowdown and the main transmission device parts and grinding plate spindle. In order to make it has enough stiffness, strength and stability of worm gear and worm reducer is the main parts were checking service life, and at the same time also on grinding plate spindle is the main parts were strength check.

Key words：Flat surface grinding, Grinding,Principal axis, Star gear transmission

　　前言 1

　　1 研磨机的发展史 3

　　　1.1研磨技术发展状况 3

　　　1.2 固着磨料高速研磨的研究现状 4

　　　1.3 研磨机的发展情况 5

　　2 研磨原理分析 7

　　　2.1 研磨机的工作原理 7

　　　2.2 研磨网纹分析 9

　　　2.3 研磨速度分析 9

　　3 研磨机传动系统分析 11

　　　3.1 电动机的选择 11

　　　3.1.1 选择电动机的类型 11

　　　3.1.2 选择电动机的功率 11

　　　3.1.3 确定电动机的转速 12

　　　3.2 计算总传动比 13

　　　3.3 研磨盘主轴的运动和动力参数 13

　　　3.3.1 研磨盘主轴的转速 13

　　　3.3.2 研磨盘主轴的功率 13

　　　3.3.3 研磨盘主轴转速 13

　　4 蜗轮蜗杆减速器设计 14

　　　4.1 蜗杆传动设计计算 14

　　　4.1.1蜗杆传动材料的选择 14

　　　4.1.3 验算滑动速度 14

　　　4.1.5 热平衡计算 15

　　　4.2 轴的设计和校核 16

　　　4.2.1 蜗轮轴的设计 16

　　　4.2.2 蜗杆轴的设计 21

　　　4.3 滚动轴承寿命的校核 26

　　　4.3.1 轴承的受力分析 26

　　　4.3.2 轴承的选择及寿命校核 26

　　　4.4 减速器箱体的设计计算 29

　　　4.4.1 箱体的结构形式和材料 29

　　　4.4.2 铸铁箱体主要结构尺寸 29

　　5 研磨盘主轴设计 31

　　　5.1 主轴的设计 31

　　　5.1.1 选择轴的材料 31

　　　5.1.2 按许用扭转剪应力初估轴的直径 31

　　　5.1.3 轴的结构设计 31

　　　5.2 轴的校核 32

　　　5.3 主轴轴承的选择及寿命校核 36

　　　5.3.1 轴承的受力分析 36

　　　5.3.2 主轴轴承的选择及寿命校核 36

　　6 键等相关标准的选择 38

　　　6.1 键的选择 38

　　　6.2 联轴器的选择 38

　　　6.3 螺栓，螺母，螺钉的选择 38

　　结论 40

　　致谢 41

　　参考文献 42

　前言

　　　研磨机是用涂上或嵌入磨料的研具对工件表面进行研磨的磨床。主要用于研磨工件中的高精度平面、内外圆柱面、圆锥面、球面、螺纹面和其他型面。研磨机是保证研磨加工的重要条件，因此人们专门研究了各种不同的研磨机。目前国内生产高速研磨机的厂家不少，但由于研磨加工的针对性较强，对不同的工件，研磨加工的方法也有很大的差别，所以人们研究开发出了许多专用的研磨机。研磨机从加工精度上基本分为两种：一种是加工不仅对精度要求较高并对面形精度也有所要求的工件；另外一种是加工只要求表面粗糙度的零件,例如主要用于LED蓝宝石衬底、光学玻璃晶片、石英晶片、硅片、诸片、模具、导光板、光扦接头等各种材料的单面研磨、抛光等。这种研磨机适合加工一些尺寸较小，而且数量较大的零件。在研磨中将工件与磨料一起置入一容器内，加以振动，进行研磨抛光。还有人专门研制出相应的振动研磨机。目前这种振动研磨机国内外都有厂家生产，而且这种研磨加工技术比较成熟，应用也日趋广泛。目前国内外生产后一种的厂家较多。

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内容简介：: 黄河科技学院毕业（文献翻译）第 13 页 Based on the injection mold steel grinding and polishing processes automated surface treatmentChao-Chang A. Chen Wen-Tu LiAbstract:This study investigates the possibilities of automated spherical grinding and ball burnishing surface finishing processes in a freeform surface plastic injection mold steel PDS5 on a CNC machining center. The design and manufacture of a grinding tool holder has been accomplished in this study. The optimal surface grinding parameters were determined using Taguchis orthogonal array method for plastic injection molding steel PDS5 on a machining center. The optimal surface grinding parameters for the plastic injection mold steel PDS5 were the combination of an abrasive material of PA Al2O3, a grinding speed of 18 000 rpm, a grinding depth of 20 m, and a feed of 50 mm/min. The surface roughness Ra of the specimen can be improved from about 1.60 m to 0.35 m by using the optimal parameters for surface grinding. Surface roughness Ra can be further improved from about 0.343 m to 0.06 m by using the ball burnishing process with the optimal burnishing parameters. Applying the optimal surface grinding and burnishing parameters sequentially to a fine-milled freeform surface mold insert, the surface roughness Ra of freeform surface region on the tested part can be improved from about 2.15 m to 0.07 m.Keywords: Automated surface finishing Ball burnishing process Grinding process Surface roughness Taguchis method1.IntroductionPlastics are important engineering materials due to their specific characteristics, such as corrosion resistance, resistance to chemicals, low density, and ease of manufacture, and have increasingly replaced metallic components in industrial applications. Injection molding is one of the important forming processes for plastic products. The surface finish quality of the plastic injection mold is an essential requirement due to its direct effects on the appearance of the plastic product. Finishing processes such as grinding, polishing and lapping are commonly used to improve the surface finish.The mounted grinding tools (wheels) have been widely used in conventional mold and die finishing industries. The geometric model of mounted grinding tools for automated surface finishing processes was introduced in. A finishing process mode of spherical grinding tools for automated surface finishing systems was developed in. Grinding speed, depth of cut, feed rate, and wheel properties such as abrasive material and abrasive grain size, are the dominant parameters for the spherical grinding process, as shown in Fig. 1. The optimal spherical grinding parameters forthe injection mold steel have not yet been investigated based in the literature.Fig.1. Schematic diagram of the spherical grinding processIn recent years, some research has been carried out in determining the optimal parameters of the ball burnishing process (Fig. 2). For instance, it has been found that plastic deformation on the workpiece surface can be reduced by using a tungsten carbide ball or a roller, thus improving the surface roughness, surface hardness, and fatigue resistance. The burnishing process is accomplished by machining centers and lathes. The main burnishing parameters having significant effects on the surface roughness are ball or roller material, burnishing force, feed rate, burnishing speed, lubrication, and number of burnishing passes, among others. The optimal surface burnishing parameters for the plastic injection mold steel PDS5 were a combination of grease lubricant, the tungsten carbide ball, a burnishing speed of 200 mm/min, a burnishing force of 300 N, and a feed of 40 m. The depth of penetration of the burnished surface using the optimal ball burnishing parameters was about 2.5 microns. The improvement of the surface roughness through burnishing process generally ranged between 40% and 90%.Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the ball-burnishing processThe aim of this study was to develop spherical grinding and ball burnishing surface finish processes of a freeform surface plastic injection mold on a machining center. The flowchart of automated surface finish using spherical grinding and ball burnishing processes is shown in Fig. 3. We began by designing and manufacturing the spherical grinding tool and its alignment device for use on a machining center. The optimal surface spherical grinding parameters were determined by utilizing a Taguchis orthogonal array method. Four factors and three corresponding levels were then chosen for the Taguchis L18 matrix experiment. The optimal mounted spherical grinding parameters for surface grinding were then applied to the surface finish of a freeform surface carrier. To improve the surface roughness, the ground surface was further burnished, using the optimal ball burnishing parameters.Fig. 3. Flow chart of automated surface finish using spherical grinding and ball burnishing processes2. Design of the spherical grinding tool and its alignment deviceTo carry out the possible spherical grinding process of a freeform surface, the center of the ball grinder should coincide with the z-axis of the machining center. The mounted spherical grinding tool and its adjustment device was designed, as shown in Fig. 4. The electric grinder was mounted in a tool holder with two adjustable pivotscrews. The center of the grinder ball was well aligned with the help of the conic groove of the alignment components. Having aligned the grinder ball, two adjustable pivot screws were tightened; after which, the alignment components could be removed. The deviation between the center coordinates of the ball grinder and that of the shank was about 5 m, which was measured by a CNC coordinate measuring machine. The force induced by the vibration of the machine bed is absorbed by a helical spring. The manufactured spherical grinding tool and ball-burnishing tool were mounted, as shown in Fig. 5. The spindle was locked for both the spherical grinding process and the ball burnishing process by a spindle-locking mechanism.Fig.4. Schematic illustration of the spherical grinding tool and its adjustment deviceFig.5. (a) Photo of the spherical grinding tool (b) Photo of the ball burnishing tool3. Planning of the matrix experiment3.1 Configuration of Taguchis orthogonal arrayThe effects of several parameters can be determined efficiently by conducting matrix experiments using Taguchis orthogonal array. To match the aforementioned spherical grinding parameters, the abrasive material of the grinder ball (with the diameter of 10 mm), the feed rate, the depth of grinding, and the revolution of the electric grinder were selected as the four experimental factors (parameters) and designated as factor A to D (see Table 1) in this research. Three levels (settings) for each factor were configured to cover the range of interest, and were identified by the digits 1, 2, and 3. Three types of abrasive materials, namely silicon carbide (SiC), white aluminum oxide (Al2O3, WA), and pink aluminum oxide (Al2O3, PA), were selected and studied. Three numerical values of each factor were determined based on the pre-study results. The L18 orthogonal array was selected to conduct the matrix experiment for four 3-level factors of the spherical grinding process. Table1. The experimental factors and their levels3.2 Definition of the data analysisEngineering design problems can be divided into smaller-the better types, nominal-the-best types, larger-the-better types, signed-target types, among others 8. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio is used as the objective function for optimizing a product or process design. The surface roughness value of the ground surface via an adequate combination of grinding parameters should be smaller than that of the original surface. Consequently, the spherical grinding process is an example of a smaller-the-better type problem. The S/N ratio, , is defined by the following equation: =10 log10(mean square quality characteristic) =10 log10where:yi : observations of the quality characteristic under different noise conditions n: number of experimentAfter the S/N ratio from the experimental data of each L18 orthogonal array is calculated, the main effect of each factor was determined by using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique and an F-ratio test. The optimization strategy of the smaller-the better problem is to maximize , as defined by Eq. 1. Levels that maximize will be selected for the factors that have a significant effect on . The optimal conditions for spherical grinding can then be determined.4. Experimental work and resultsThe material used in this study was PDS5 tool steel (equivalent to AISI P20), which is commonly used for the molds of large plastic injection products in the field of automobile components and domestic appliances. The hardness of this material isabout HRC33 (HS46). One specific advantage of this material is that after machining, the mold can be directly used for further finishing processes without heat treatment due to its special pre-treatment. The specimens were designed and manufactured so that they could be mounted on a dynamometer to measure the reaction force. The PDS5 specimen was roughly machined and then mounted on the dynamometer to carry out the fine milling on a three-axis machining center made by Yang-Iron Company (type MV-3A), equipped with a FUNUC Company NC-controller (type 0M). The pre-machined surface roughness was measured, using Hommelwerke T4000 equipment, to be about 1.6 m. Figure 6 shows the experimental set-up of the spherical grinding process. A MP10 touch-trigger probe made by the Renishaw Company was also integrated with the machining center tool magazine to measure and determine the coordinated origin of the specimen to be ground. The NC codes needed for the ball-burnishing path were generated by PowerMILL CAM software. These codes can be transmitted to the CNC controller of the machining center via RS232 serial interface.Fig.6. Experimental set-up to determine the optimal spherical grinding parametersTable 2 summarizes the measured ground surface roughness alue Ra and the calculated S/N ratio of each L18 orthogonal array sing Eq. 1, after having executed the 18 matrix experiments. The average S/N ratio for each level of the four actors is shown graphically in Fig. 7.Table2. Ground surface roughness of PDS5 specimenExp.Inner array (control factors)Measured surface roughness value (Ra)ResponsenoABCDS/N(dB)Mean111110.350.350.359.1190.350212220.370.360.388.6340.370313330.410.440.407.5970.417421230.630.650.643.8760.640522310.730.770.782.3800.760623120.450.420.397.5300.420731320.340.310.329.8010.323832130.270.250.2811.4710.267933210.320.320.329.8970.3201011220.350.390.408.3900.3801112330.410.500.436.9680.4471213110.400.390.427.8830.4031321130.330.340.319.7120.3271422210.480.500.476.3120.4831523320.570.610.534.8680.5701631310.590.550.545.0300.5601732120.360.360.358.9540.3571833230.570.530.535.2930.543Fig.7. Plots of control factor effectsThe goal in the spherical grinding process is to minimize the surface roughness value of the ground specimen by determining the optimal level of each factor. Since log is a monotone decreasing function, we should maximize the S/N ratio. Consequently, we can determine the optimal level for each factor as being the level that has the highest value of . Therefore, based on the matrix experiment, the optimal abrasive material was pink aluminum oxide; the optimal feed was 50 mm/min; the optimal depth of grinding was 20 m; and the optimal revolution was 18 000 rpm, as shown in Table 3.The optimal parameters for surface spherical grinding obtained from the Taguchis matrix experiments were applied to the surface finish of the freeform surface mold insert to evaluate the surface roughness improvement. A perfume bottle was selected as the tested carrier. The CNC machining of the mold insert for the tested object was simulated with Power MILL CAM software. After fine milling, the mold insert was further ground with the optimal spherical grinding parameters obtained from the Taguchis matrix experiment. Shortly afterwards, the ground surface was burnished with the optimal ball burnishing parameters to further improve the surface roughness of the tested object (see Fig. 8). The surface roughness of the mold insert was measured with Hommelwerke T4000 equipment. The average surface roughness value Raon a fine-milled surface of the mold insert was 2.15 m on average; that on the ground surface was 0.45 m on average; and that on burnished surface was 0.07 m on average. The surface roughness improvement of the tested object on ground surface was about (2.150.45)/2.15 = 79.1%, and that on the burnished surface was about (2.150.07)/2.15 = 96.7%.Fig.8. Fine-milled, ground and burnished mold insert of a perfume bottle5. ConclusionIn this work, the optimal parameters of automated spherical grinding and ball-burnishing surface finishing processes in a freeform surface plastic injection mold were developed successfully on a machining center. The mounted spherical grinding tool (and its alignment components) was designed and manufactured. The optimal spherical grinding parameters for surface grinding were determined by conducting a Taguchi L18 matrix experiments. The optimal spherical grinding parameters for the plastic injection mold steel PDS5 were the combination of the abrasive material of pink aluminum oxide (Al2O3

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