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Φ300研磨机设计(总体结构设计）[含6张CAD图纸和说明书全套打包]

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Φ300研磨机设计

摘要

　　　研磨是超精密加工中一种重要加工方法，其优点是加工精度高，加工材料范围广。由于传统研磨存在加工效率低、加工成本高、加工精度和加工质量不稳定等缺点，这使得传统研磨应用受到了一定限制，为了提高研磨加工效率，机械研磨机已经取代了传统的手工研磨。研磨机从加工精度上基本分为两种：一种是加工不仅对精度要求较高并对面形精度也有所要求的工件；另外一种是加工只要求表面粗糙度的零件,例如各种材质的机械密封环、陶瓷片、硅、石英晶体、石墨、蓝宝石、光学水晶、玻璃、铌酸锂、硬质合金、不锈钢等金属材料的平面研磨。这种研磨机适合加工一些尺寸较小，而且数量较大的零件。

　　　本文主要是合理的分析了研磨机的传动系统和研磨机械原理，本研磨机设计由电动机、减速装置、传动装置、研磨盘组成，根据研磨功率选择了合理的电动机，并设计了减速装置和主要的传动零件及研磨盘主轴。为了使研磨机具有足够的刚度、强度和稳定性，对蜗轮蜗杆减速器上的主要零部件进行了寿命校核，同时还对研磨盘主轴上的主要零部件进行了强度校核。

关键词：平面磨削，研磨，主轴，星型轮系传动

Φ300 Grinding Machine Design

　　　Author：Pan Qihao

　　　 Tutor：Li Changshi

Abstract

　　　Grinding is a kind of important ultra-precision processing method, its advantage is processing precision is high, wide range of materials. As the traditional grinding existence processing efficiency is low, the manufacturing cost is high, the processing precision and processing quality is not stable shortcomings, this makes the traditional grinding application subject to a certain limit, in order to improve the grinding machining efficiency, mechanical grinding machine have replaced the traditional manual polishing. From processing precision grinding machine on basic divided into two kinds: one kind is processing not only to higher accuracy and precision to form across the requirements of the workpiece; Another is only required processing surface roughness of parts, such as all kinds of material mechanical sealing rings, ceramics, silicon, quartz crystal, graphite, sapphire, optic crystal, glass, lithium niobate, hard alloy, stainless steel and other metal material plane grinding. This kind of grinding machine is suitable for processing some smaller, and the greater number of parts.

　　　 This paper is mainly reasonable analysis the grinding machine transmission system and grind mechanical principle, the grinding machine design from motor, slow, device, gearing, grinding plate composition, according to grinding chosen the reasonable motor power, and design a slowdown and the main transmission device parts and grinding plate spindle. In order to make it has enough stiffness, strength and stability of worm gear and worm reducer is the main parts were checking service life, and at the same time also on grinding plate spindle is the main parts were strength check.

Key words：Flat surface grinding, Grinding,Principal axis, Star gear transmission

　　前言 1

　　1 研磨机的发展史 3

　　　1.1研磨技术发展状况 3

　　　1.2 固着磨料高速研磨的研究现状 4

　　　1.3 研磨机的发展情况 5

　　2 研磨原理分析 7

　　　2.1 研磨机的工作原理 7

　　　2.2 研磨网纹分析 9

　　　2.3 研磨速度分析 9

　　3 研磨机传动系统分析 11

　　　3.1 电动机的选择 11

　　　3.1.1 选择电动机的类型 11

　　　3.1.2 选择电动机的功率 11

　　　3.1.3 确定电动机的转速 12

　　　3.2 计算总传动比 13

　　　3.3 研磨盘主轴的运动和动力参数 13

　　　3.3.1 研磨盘主轴的转速 13

　　　3.3.2 研磨盘主轴的功率 13

　　　3.3.3 研磨盘主轴转速 13

　　4 蜗轮蜗杆减速器设计 14

　　　4.1 蜗杆传动设计计算 14

　　　4.1.1蜗杆传动材料的选择 14

　　　4.1.3 验算滑动速度 14

　　　4.1.5 热平衡计算 15

　　　4.2 轴的设计和校核 16

　　　4.2.1 蜗轮轴的设计 16

　　　4.2.2 蜗杆轴的设计 21

　　　4.3 滚动轴承寿命的校核 26

　　　4.3.1 轴承的受力分析 26

　　　4.3.2 轴承的选择及寿命校核 26

　　　4.4 减速器箱体的设计计算 29

　　　4.4.1 箱体的结构形式和材料 29

　　　4.4.2 铸铁箱体主要结构尺寸 29

　　5 研磨盘主轴设计 31

　　　5.1 主轴的设计 31

　　　5.1.1 选择轴的材料 31

　　　5.1.2 按许用扭转剪应力初估轴的直径 31

　　　5.1.3 轴的结构设计 31

　　　5.2 轴的校核 32

　　　5.3 主轴轴承的选择及寿命校核 36

　　　5.3.1 轴承的受力分析 36

　　　5.3.2 主轴轴承的选择及寿命校核 36

　　6 键等相关标准的选择 38

　　　6.1 键的选择 38

　　　6.2 联轴器的选择 38

　　　6.3 螺栓，螺母，螺钉的选择 38

　　结论 40

　　致谢 41

　　参考文献 42

　前言

　　　研磨机是用涂上或嵌入磨料的研具对工件表面进行研磨的磨床。主要用于研磨工件中的高精度平面、内外圆柱面、圆锥面、球面、螺纹面和其他型面。研磨机是保证研磨加工的重要条件，因此人们专门研究了各种不同的研磨机。目前国内生产高速研磨机的厂家不少，但由于研磨加工的针对性较强，对不同的工件，研磨加工的方法也有很大的差别，所以人们研究开发出了许多专用的研磨机。研磨机从加工精度上基本分为两种：一种是加工不仅对精度要求较高并对面形精度也有所要求的工件；另外一种是加工只要求表面粗糙度的零件,例如主要用于LED蓝宝石衬底、光学玻璃晶片、石英晶片、硅片、诸片、模具、导光板、光扦接头等各种材料的单面研磨、抛光等。这种研磨机适合加工一些尺寸较小，而且数量较大的零件。在研磨中将工件与磨料一起置入一容器内，加以振动，进行研磨抛光。还有人专门研制出相应的振动研磨机。目前这种振动研磨机国内外都有厂家生产，而且这种研磨加工技术比较成熟，应用也日趋广泛。目前国内外生产后一种的厂家较多。

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内容简介：: 黄河科技学院毕业（文献翻译）第 13 页 Based on the injection mold steel grinding and polishing processes automated surface treatmentChao-Chang A. Chen Wen-Tu LiAbstract:This study investigates the possibilities of automated spherical grinding and ball burnishing surface finishing processes in a freeform surface plastic injection mold steel PDS5 on a CNC machining center. The design and manufacture of a grinding tool holder has been accomplished in this study. The optimal surface grinding parameters were determined using Taguchis orthogonal array method for plastic injection molding steel PDS5 on a machining center. The optimal surface grinding parameters for the plastic injection mold steel PDS5 were the combination of an abrasive material of PA Al2O3, a grinding speed of 18 000 rpm, a grinding depth of 20 m, and a feed of 50 mm/min. The surface roughness Ra of the specimen can be improved from about 1.60 m to 0.35 m by using the optimal parameters for surface grinding. Surface roughness Ra can be further improved from about 0.343 m to 0.06 m by using the ball burnishing process with the optimal burnishing parameters. Applying the optimal surface grinding and burnishing parameters sequentially to a fine-milled freeform surface mold insert, the surface roughness Ra of freeform surface region on the tested part can be improved from about 2.15 m to 0.07 m.Keywords: Automated surface finishing Ball burnishing process Grinding process Surface roughness Taguchis method1.IntroductionPlastics are important engineering materials due to their specific characteristics, such as corrosion resistance, resistance to chemicals, low density, and ease of manufacture, and have increasingly replaced metallic components in industrial applications. Injection molding is one of the important forming processes for plastic products. The surface finish quality of the plastic injection mold is an essential requirement due to its direct effects on the appearance of the plastic product. Finishing processes such as grinding, polishing and lapping are commonly used to improve the surface finish.The mounted grinding tools (wheels) have been widely used in conventional mold and die finishing industries. The geometric model of mounted grinding tools for automated surface finishing processes was introduced in. A finishing process mode of spherical grinding tools for automated surface finishing systems was developed in. Grinding speed, depth of cut, feed rate, and wheel properties such as abrasive material and abrasive grain size, are the dominant parameters for the spherical grinding process, as shown in Fig. 1. The optimal spherical grinding parameters forthe injection mold steel have not yet been investigated based in the literature.Fig.1. Schematic diagram of the spherical grinding processIn recent years, some research has been carried out in determining the optimal parameters of the ball burnishing process (Fig. 2). For instance, it has been found that plastic deformation on the workpiece surface can be reduced by using a tungsten carbide ball or a roller, thus improving the surface roughness, surface hardness, and fatigue resistance. The burnishing process is accomplished by machining centers and lathes. The main burnishing parameters having significant effects on the surface roughness are ball or roller material, burnishing force, feed rate, burnishing speed, lubrication, and number of burnishing passes, among others. The optimal surface burnishing parameters for the plastic injection mold steel PDS5 were a combination of grease lubricant, the tungsten carbide ball, a burnishing speed of 200 mm/min, a burnishing force of 300 N, and a feed of 40 m. The depth of penetration of the burnished surface using the optimal ball burnishing parameters was about 2.5 microns. The improvement of the surface roughness through burnishing process generally ranged between 40% and 90%.Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the ball-burnishing processThe aim of this study was to develop spherical grinding and ball burnishing surface finish processes of a freeform surface plastic injection mold on a machining center. The flowchart of automated surface finish using spherical grinding and ball burnishing processes is shown in Fig. 3. We began by designing and manufacturing the spherical grinding tool and its alignment device for use on a machining center. The optimal surface spherical grinding parameters were determined by utilizing a Taguchis orthogonal array method. Four factors and three corresponding levels were then chosen for the Taguchis L18 matrix experiment. The optimal mounted spherical grinding parameters for surface grinding were then applied to the surface finish of a freeform surface carrier. To improve the surface roughness, the ground surface was further burnished, using the optimal ball burnishing parameters.Fig. 3. Flow chart of automated surface finish using spherical grinding and ball burnishing processes2. Design of the spherical grinding tool and its alignment deviceTo carry out the possible spherical grinding process of a freeform surface, the center of the ball grinder should coincide with the z-axis of the machining center. The mounted spherical grinding tool and its adjustment device was designed, as shown in Fig. 4. The electric grinder was mounted in a tool holder with two adjustable pivotscrews. The center of the grinder ball was well aligned with the help of the conic groove of the alignment components. Having aligned the grinder ball, two adjustable pivot screws were tightened; after which, the alignment components could be removed. The deviation between the center coordinates of the ball grinder and that of the shank was about 5 m, which was measured by a CNC coordinate measuring machine. The force induced by the vibration of the machine bed is absorbed by a helical spring. The manufactured spherical grinding tool and ball-burnishing tool were mounted, as shown in Fig. 5. The spindle was locked for both the spherical grinding process and the ball burnishing process by a spindle-locking mechanism.Fig.4. Schematic illustration of the spherical grinding tool and its adjustment deviceFig.5. (a) Photo of the spherical grinding tool (b) Photo of the ball burnishing tool3. Planning of the matrix experiment3.1 Configuration of Taguchis orthogonal arrayThe effects of several parameters can be determined efficiently by conducting matrix experiments using Taguchis orthogonal array. To match the aforementioned spherical grinding parameters, the abrasive material of the grinder ball (with the diameter of 10 mm), the feed rate, the depth of grinding, and the revolution of the electric grinder were selected as the four experimental factors (parameters) and designated as factor A to D (see Table 1) in this research. Three levels (settings) for each factor were configured to cover the range of interest, and were identified by the digits 1, 2, and 3. Three types of abrasive materials, namely silicon carbide (SiC), white aluminum oxide (Al2O3, WA), and pink aluminum oxide (Al2O3, PA), were selected and studied. Three numerical values of each factor were determined based on the pre-study results. The L18 orthogonal array was selected to conduct the matrix experiment for four 3-level factors of the spherical grinding process. Table1. The experimental factors and their levels3.2 Definition of the data analysisEngineering design problems can be divided into smaller-the better types, nominal-the-best types, larger-the-better types, signed-target types, among others 8. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio is used as the objective function for optimizing a product or process design. The surface roughness value of the ground surface via an adequate combination of grinding parameters should be smaller than that of the original surface. Consequently, the spherical grinding process is an example of a smaller-the-better type problem. The S/N ratio, , is defined by the following equation: =10 log10(mean square quality characteristic) =10 log10where:yi : observations of the quality characteristic under different noise conditions n: number of experimentAfter the S/N ratio from the experimental data of each L18 orthogonal array is calculated, the main effect of each factor was determined by using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique and an F-ratio test. The optimization strategy of the smaller-the better problem is to maximize , as defined by Eq. 1. Levels that maximize will be selected for the factors that have a significant effect on . The optimal conditions for spherical grinding can then be determined.4. Experimental work and resultsThe material used in this study was PDS5 tool steel (equivalent to AISI P20), which is commonly used for the molds of large plastic injection products in the field of automobile components and domestic appliances. The hardness of this material isabout HRC33 (HS46). One specific advantage of this material is that after machining, the mold can be directly used for further finishing processes without heat treatment due to its special pre-treatment. The specimens were designed and manufactured so that they could be mounted on a dynamometer to measure the reaction force. The PDS5 specimen was roughly machined and then mounted on the dynamometer to carry out the fine milling on a three-axis machining center made by Yang-Iron Company (type MV-3A), equipped with a FUNUC Company NC-controller (type 0M). The pre-machined surface roughness was measured, using Hommelwerke T4000 equipment, to be about 1.6 m. Figure 6 shows the experimental set-up of the spherical grinding process. A MP10 touch-trigger probe made by the Renishaw Company was also integrated with the machining center tool magazine to measure and determine the coordinated origin of the specimen to be ground. The NC codes needed for the ball-burnishing path were generated by PowerMILL CAM software. These codes can be transmitted to the CNC controller of the machining center via RS232 serial interface.Fig.6. Experimental set-up to determine the optimal spherical grinding parametersTable 2 summarizes the measured ground surface roughness alue Ra and the calculated S/N ratio of each L18 orthogonal array sing Eq. 1, after having executed the 18 matrix experiments. The average S/N ratio for each level of the four actors is shown graphically in Fig. 7.Table2. Ground surface roughness of PDS5 specimenExp.Inner array (control factors)Measured surface roughness value (Ra)ResponsenoABCDS/N(dB)Mean111110.350.350.359.1190.350212220.370.360.388.6340.370313330.410.440.407.5970.417421230.630.650.643.8760.640522310.730.770.782.3800.760623120.450.420.397.5300.420731320.340.310.329.8010.323832130.270.250.2811.4710.267933210.320.320.329.8970.3201011220.350.390.408.3900.3801112330.410.500.436.9680.4471213110.400.390.427.8830.4031321130.330.340.319.7120.3271422210.480.500.476.3120.4831523320.570.610.534.8680.5701631310.590.550.545.0300.5601732120.360.360.358.9540.3571833230.570.530.535.2930.543Fig.7. Plots of control factor effectsThe goal in the spherical grinding process is to minimize the surface roughness value of the ground specimen by determining the optimal level of each factor. Since log is a monotone decreasing function, we should maximize the S/N ratio. Consequently, we can determine the optimal level for each factor as being the level that has the highest value of . Therefore, based on the matrix experiment, the optimal abrasive material was pink aluminum oxide; the optimal feed was 50 mm/min; the optimal depth of grinding was 20 m; and the optimal revolution was 18 000 rpm, as shown in Table 3.The optimal parameters for surface spherical grinding obtained from the Taguchis matrix experiments were applied to the surface finish of the freeform surface mold insert to evaluate the surface roughness improvement. A perfume bottle was selected as the tested carrier. The CNC machining of the mold insert for the tested object was simulated with Power MILL CAM software. After fine milling, the mold insert was further ground with the optimal spherical grinding parameters obtained from the Taguchis matrix experiment. Shortly afterwards, the ground surface was burnished with the optimal ball burnishing parameters to further improve the surface roughness of the tested object (see Fig. 8). The surface roughness of the mold insert was measured with Hommelwerke T4000 equipment. The average surface roughness value Raon a fine-milled surface of the mold insert was 2.15 m on average; that on the ground surface was 0.45 m on average; and that on burnished surface was 0.07 m on average. The surface roughness improvement of the tested object on ground surface was about (2.150.45)/2.15 = 79.1%, and that on the burnished surface was about (2.150.07)/2.15 = 96.7%.Fig.8. Fine-milled, ground and burnished mold insert of a perfume bottle5. ConclusionIn this work, the optimal parameters of automated spherical grinding and ball-burnishing surface finishing processes in a freeform surface plastic injection mold were developed successfully on a machining center. The mounted spherical grinding tool (and its alignment components) was designed and manufactured. The optimal spherical grinding parameters for surface grinding were determined by conducting a Taguchi L18 matrix experiments. The optimal spherical grinding parameters for the plastic injection mold steel PDS5 were the combination of the abrasive material of pink aluminum oxide (Al2O3, PA), a feed of 50 mm/min, a depth of grinding 20 m, and a revolution of 18 000 rpm. The surface roughness Ra of the specimen can be improved from about 1.6 m to 0.35 m by using the optimal spherical grinding conditions for surface grinding. By applying the optimal surface grinding and burnishing parameters to the surface finish of the freeform surface mold insert, the surface roughness improvements were measured to be ground surface was about 79.1% in terms of ground surfaces, and about 96.7% in terms of burnished surfaces.Reference1 Tian Chunlin. Lapping Metal Mirror at High Speed. SPIE Vol.4223，20002 A.C Eringen. Theory of Nonlocal Elasticity and some Applications. Mechanice，21（4），19873 E.Uhimann. Surface Formation in Feed Grinding of Advanced Ceramics with and Without Ultrasonic Assistance of CIRP Vol.47(1)，19984 Zhao Ji etc. Study on automatic polishing injection mold，Journal of the Society of Grinding Engineers. Vol. 39，No 4，19955 A.H. Tedric, Rolling Bearing Analysis, fourth ed., John Wiley, 20016 International Standard ISO 76, Rolling BearingsStatic Load Ratings, second ed., 1987-02-017 International Standard ISO 281, Rolling BearingsDynamic Load Ratings and Rating Life, first ed., 1990-12-018 American National Standard, ANSI/AFMA Std 9-1990, “Load Ratings and Fatigue Life for Ball Bearings”9 J.I. Amasorrain, Anlisis esttico de tornillera en coronas de orientacin. , Ikerlan (1999).10 J.I. Amasorrain, Clculo de esfuerzos en rodamientos de bolas. , Ikerlan (1997).黄河科技学院毕业（文献综述）毕业设计(论文) 文献综述院（系）名称工学院机械系专业名称机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名潘其好指导教师李长诗2012年 03 月 10 日黄河科技学院毕业（论文）文献综述第 9 页研磨机设计摘要：本文介绍了研磨机的发展、研磨机的机械工作原理、类型、特点及常见故障等内容。通过这些对研磨机有一个大致的了解，为设计做准备。关键词：研磨平面研磨机调速前言：研磨是超精密加工中一种重要加工方法，其优点是加工精度高，加工材料范围广。但传统研磨存在加工效率低、加工成本高、加工精度和加工质量不稳定等缺点，这使得传统研磨应用受到了一定限制。本项目解决了传统研磨存在的绝大部分缺点，提高了研磨技术水平，在保证研磨加工精度和加工质量（达到了纳米级）的同时，还显著降低加工成本，提高加工效率，使研磨技术进一步实用化，有利于研磨技术的推广应用，促进了中国精密加工技术、先进制造技术的进步，增强中国在加工制造领域的竞争实力，特别是对振兴东北老工基地具有十分重要的现实意义。先进加工制造业和光电子产业都是中国的特色产业和优势产业，也是中国重点发展产业，研磨加工技术对这两个产业的发展都具有重要作用。本项目开发的纳米级高效研磨加工技术在加工效率、加工成本、加工质量和加工精度上具有明显的优势，具有很好的应用前景。研磨机是保证研磨加工的重要条件,因此人们专门研究了各种不同的研磨机。目前国内生产高速研磨机的厂家不少,但由于研磨加工的针对性较强,对不同的工件,研磨加工的方法也有很大的差别。所以人们研究开发出了许多专用的研磨机。研磨机从加工精度上基本分为两种。一种是加工不仅对精度要求较高并对面形精度也有所要求的工件。另外一种是加工只要求表面粗糙度的零件,例如一些钨钢表带和纽扣等。这种研磨机适合加工一些尺寸较小，而且数量较大的零件。在研磨中将工件与磨料一起置入一容器内，加以振动，进行研磨抛光。还有人专门研制出相应的振动研磨机。目前这种振动研磨机国内外都有厂家生产，而且这种研磨加工技术比较成熟，应用也日趋广泛。1. 研磨机的发展研磨机是保证研磨加工的重要条件,因此人们专门研究了各种不同的研磨机。目前国内生产高速研磨机的厂家不少,但由于研磨加工的针对性较强,对不同的工件,研磨加工的方法也有很大的差别。所以人们研究开发出了许多专用的研磨机。研磨机从加工精度上基本分为两种。一种是加工不仅对精度要求较高并对面形精度也有所要求的工件。另外一种是加工只要求表面粗糙度的零件,例如一些钨钢表带和纽扣等。这种研磨机适合加工一些尺寸较小，而且数量较大的零件。在研磨中将工件与磨料一起置入一容器内，加以振动，进行研磨抛光。还有人专门研制出相应的振动研磨机。目前这种振动研磨机国内外都有厂家生产，而且这种研磨加工技术比较成熟，应用也日趋广泛。目前国内外生产后一种的厂家较多。我国在八十年代研究出来第一台PJM320型平面研磨机。曾获得国家科学大会奖。现在西安秦川发展有限公司生产的PJM320B就是以它为原型改进的。在光学加工中研磨又称精磨,所以研磨机也称为精磨机。目前还有南京仪机股份有限公司生产的PLM-400精密抛光机。以及我国台湾高钰精密有限公司生产的各种精磨机。其中平面精磨机有DL-380和CDL-600和及CDL-900型号和双面精磨机有CDL-4B-4L和CDL-6B-6L及CDL-9B-5L等型号。其中CDL-380型研磨机研磨精度高,可达到的平面度为0.2m0.5m,表面粗糙度Ra0.1m，它可加工各种材质。为提高加工效率人们研制出双面研磨机，如兰州东胜机械制造有限责任公司生产的DSL9B-5P型双平面研磨机,它加工出的产品精度为10微米级,平面度及平行度在千分之一毫米。还有深圳宏达公司生产的双平面研磨机,其平行度及平面度也为千分之一毫米。球面高速研磨机按加工工件表面的曲率半径不同,分为大球面、中球面和小球面三种，其中Q875型高速精磨机和QJM-40小球面高速精磨机和QJM-100中球高速研机应用较为普遍。目前，国外高品质的研磨机床已实现系列化，而且加工精度已达到很高的水平。如SPEEDFAM高速平面研磨机，具有粗研磨及精研磨的广泛研磨能力，能以短时间和低成本获得较高的平行度、平面度以及表面粗糙度。即使不熟练的操作人员，亦能达到尺寸公差3m、平面度0.3m、平行度3m,表面粗糙度Ra0.2m以内的高精度加工水平。又如Takao NAKAMURA等人研制的硅片研磨机，可同时加工5片直径为125mm的硅片，当硅片厚度在500515m时，经过2430min的抛光，尺寸可达到480士3m，平均材料去除率0.510.57m/min。据科技日报2006年5月24日报道: 纳米级高效研磨加工技术主要采用固着磨料高速研磨加工方法。固着磨料高速研磨与传统的散粒磨料研磨不同，其磨料的密度分布是可控的。利用固着磨料研磨的这一特点，根据工件磨具间的相对运动轨迹密度分布，合理地设计磨具上磨料密度分布，以使磨具在研磨过程中所出现的磨损不影响磨具面型精度，从而显著提高工件的面型精度，并且避免修整磨具的麻烦。本项目将固着磨料高速研磨技术与磨具保型磨损理论和工件均匀研磨加工技术相结合，实现了纳米级高效研磨加工，从而提高我国机械加工技术水平，特别是超精密加工技术水平。纳米级高效研磨加工技术主要适合应用于单平面和双平面的超精密研磨加工，其加工精度要求达到纳米级水平。该技术主要是采用固着磨料高速研磨加工技术，固着磨料高速研磨与传统的散粒磨料研磨不同，其磨料的密度分布是可控的。利用固着磨料研磨的这一特点，根据工件磨具间的相对运动轨迹密度分布，合理地设计磨具上磨料密度分布，以使磨具在研磨过程中所出现的磨损不影响磨具面型精度，从而显著提高工件的面型精度，并且避免修整磨具的麻烦。在平面固着磨料研磨中，磨具的旋转运动是主运动，工件的运动是辅助运动。在大部分情况下，工件是浮动压在磨具上，其运动规律是未知的。因此，要对工件受力进行分析，才能求出其受力状态及运动规律。取工件为整个研磨系统的分离体，建立工件受力平衡微分方程，求解该方程就能得到工件的运动规律。一旦掌握了磨具和工件的运动规律，就可以求出它们间的相对运动及相对运动轨迹密度分布。从而根据工件相对磨具的运动轨迹密度分布，设计磨具上磨料密度分布，使得磨具在磨损后不丧失原有的面型精度，这就保证了工件的面型精度。本项目在原有的单平面磨具保型磨损理论的基础上，开发出工件均匀研磨技术，从而进一步提高了工件的面型精度，同时还建立了固着磨料双平面高速研磨磨具保型磨损理论，研制了双平面高速研磨机，并进行了固着磨料双平面高速研磨加工实验，通过实验完善了有关加工工艺和研磨机，实现了对工件的两个平行表面同时进行高速研磨加工。本项目还研究了固着磨料高速研磨中工件加工表面的形成规律，探讨了有关研磨参数对工件加工表面的影响规律，并在此基础上，进一步提高了工件的表面质量，实现了低成本、高效率的纳米级研磨加工，工件已加工表面粗糙度达0.88nm。目前国内外生产的研磨机基本上都是中大型的。对于小型便携式高速研磨机的研究有限。而目前便携式的研磨机只有专门维修阀门的维修机具。目前国内外的高速研磨机的发展方向主要是进一步提高研磨加工质量和加工效率,提高研磨机的自动化程度,以减轻操作者的劳动强度。而对维修设备现场使用的便携式研磨机还没有人进行研究和开发。2. 研磨机的机械工作原理研磨机采用无级调速系统控制，可轻易调整出适合研磨各种部件的研磨速度。采用电气比例阀闭环反馈压力控制，可独立调控压力装置。上盘设置缓降功能，有效的防止薄脆工件的破碎。通过一个时间继电器和一个研磨计数器，可按加工要求准确设置和控制研磨时间和研磨圈数。工作时可调整压力模式，达到研磨设定的时间或圈速时就会自动停机报警提示，实现半自动化操作。研磨机变速控制方法，研磨加工有三个阶段，即开始阶段、正式阶段和结束阶段，开始阶段磨具升速旋转，正式阶段磨具恒速旋转，结束阶段磨具降速旋转，其特征在于，在研磨加工开始阶段，人为控制磨具转速的加速度从零由慢到快地增大，当磨具转速升到正式研磨速度的一半时，加速度的变化出现一个拐点，控制磨具转速的加速度由最大值由快到慢地减小，直到磨具转速达到正式的研磨速度，磨具转速的加速度降为零。利用固着磨料研磨的这一特点，根据工件磨具间的相对运动轨迹密度分布，合理地设计磨具上磨料密度分布，以使磨具在研磨过程中所出现的磨损不影响磨具面型精度，从而显著提高工件的面型精度，并且避免修整磨具的麻烦。在平面固着磨料研磨中，磨具的旋转运动是主运动，工件的运动是辅助运动。在大部分情况下，工件是浮动压在磨具上，其运动规律是未知的。因此，要对工件受力进行分析，才能求出其受力状态及运动规律。取工件为整个研磨系统的分离体，建立工件受力平衡微分方程，求解该方程就能得到工件的运动规律。研磨机主机采用调速电机驱动，配置大功率减速系统，软启动、软停止，运转平稳。通过上、下研磨盘、太阳轮、游星轮在加工时形成四个方向、速度相互协调的研磨运动，达到上下表面同时研磨的高效运作。下研磨盘可升降，方便工件装卸。气动太阳轮变向装置，精确控制工件两面研磨精度和速度。随机配有修正轮，用于修正上下研磨盘的平行误差。研磨篮式研磨机继承了篮式研磨机分散研磨两道工序在一台机器、一道工序上实现的特点，同时还可以作为分散机单独使用(当分散盘在工作位置，研磨篮未下降时)。对于需要研磨的物料，又可以实现先分散后研磨的功能(当研磨篮下降到工作位时，可对物料进行高效率的精研磨)。3. 研磨机类型研磨机的主要类型有圆盘式研磨机、转轴式研磨机和各种专用研磨机。 3.1 圆盘式研磨机分单盘和双盘两种，以双盘研磨机应用最为普通。在双盘研磨机上，多个工件同时放入位于上、下研磨盘之间的保持架内，保持架和工件由偏心或行星机构带动作平面平行运动。下研磨盘旋转，与之平行的上研磨盘可以不转，或与下研磨盘反向旋转，并可上下移动以压紧工件（压力可调）。此外，上研磨盘还可随摇臂绕立柱转动一角度，以便装卸工

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