国际经济法精品教学（华南师范大学）legalsystemoninternationalinvestmentregulation.ppt

Legal System on International Investment Regulation,Section 1 An Overview of the Legal System on International Investment Regulation,1. Concepts (1) Public int. law on the protection, promotion and regulation of transnational investments, (2) National administrative laws that regulate FDIs, or that protect investors of home country with regard to their overseas investments.,2. Legal Sources of International Investment Administration (1) law and regulations developed by capital importing countries for the purpose of promoting and regulating FDIs (2) those developed by capital exporting countries for the purpose of protecting their domestic investors of their overseas investments. 3. Bilateral or Multilateral Agreements on International Investment,Section 2 Legal System of Capital Importing Countries on FDI Regulation and Protection,Includes: (1) Substantive laws and regulations about treatment and protection of foreign investors, (2)Substantive laws and regulations about market access and regulation of foreign investment (3)Procedural laws and regulations that govern review and approval of foreign investment and resolution of investment disputes (constitutional provisions on property rights of foreign investors, but also covering regulations of other nature, plus litigation laws and regulations such as civil and administrative procedural laws.),Section 3 Legal System of Capital Exporting Countries on FDI Regulation and Protection,1. Measures Encouraging Overseas Investment (1) Preferential Tax Treatment; (2) Measures encouraging corporate financing; (3) Provision of relevant information on Investment; (4) Technical Assistance Measures,2. Management Measures for Overseas Investment To ensure that private overseas investment matches the national interests of the home country. 3. Legal System Related to the Insurance of Overseas Investments The undertaking of non-commercial risks related to US overseas investment by a government-run “Overseas Private Investment Corporation”. 4. Chinas Regulation and Protection of Overseas Investment,Section 4 International Law for Promotion and Protection of FDIs,1. Bilateral Investment Treaties 1.1 Evolution and Development Trends (1) getting rid of the traditional asset-based definition (2) clearer in providing for obligations for the contracting parties and identifying the standards for violation of these obligations; (3) leave more policy space for the host country to implement investment regulation in the name of new public policy; (4)innovate ways to settle disputes between the investor and the host country.,1.2 Contents 1.2.1 Coverage 1.2.2 Right of Subrogation 缔约国双方同意，缔约一方政府对投资者在他方国内因政治原因遭受的损失，基于保险契约首先予以赔偿后，由该缔约方取得代位求偿权，有权代替投资者向东道国政府提出赔偿的要求，而缔约他方应承认对方政府有权代位取得该投资者所取得或应取得的一切权利，同时也应承担该投资者所应承担的一切义务。 1.2.3 Settlement of Investment Disputes 1.3 The Prospect of China-US BIT 2. Investment Chapters in Free Trade Agreements or Regional Free Trade Agreements,3. Convention Establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 多边投资担保机构公约 3.1 Historical Background 3.2 Advantage of the MIGA 3.2.1 Larger Insurance Coverage not only insures FDI from developed to developing countries, but also covers FDI flowing between developing countries. Greater flexibility and larger insurance coverage, compared with national insurance systems for overseas investment in developed countries. 3.2.2 Greater Insurance capacity 3.2.3 More Effective Mechanisms for Claims Services and Settlement of Disputes The host country governments self-consciously recognize the binding force of guarantee contracts between the MIGA and foreign investors and the MIGAs right of subrogation . 3.2.4 Review of Insured Investment and Prior Procedures Can Prevent and Reduce Occurrence of Claims (1) only insures.conducive to economic development of the host country; (2) MIGA is entitled to refuse insuring investment not compliance with laws and regulations of the host country; (3) consent of the host country government 合格的东道国的三要件之一：必须是一个同意担保特定投资风险的国家,3.3 Purpose, Responsibilities and Legal Status of MIGA （一）宗旨 1、公约的宗旨：鼓励会员国之间相互投资，尤其是向发展中国家融通生产性投资，以补充国际复兴开发银行、国际金融公司和其他国际开发金融机构的活动。 2、机构的职能： （1）在一会员国从其他会员国取得投资时，对投资的非商业性风险予以担保，包括共保和分保; （2）通过技术援助、政策咨询、投资政策与经验的磋商、交流信息、推动签订投资协议等辅助性活动，促进会员国改善投资环境，以吸引更多外资。 （3）其他附带性权力。 An int. org. with independent legal personality,3.4 Membership Structure 3.5 The Structure of Capital Stocks and Division of Voting Right within the MIGA 3.6 Business of the MIGA Investment guarantee, investment promotion 3.6.1 Types of Insurance (1) Risk on currency Transfer; (2) Risk on expropriation or similar measures; (3) Risk on breach of contract; (4) Risk on war and civil disturbance; and (5) Other non-commercial risks and exceptions 3.6.2 Eligible investors,（三）合格的投资者 凡符合下列条件的自然人和法人，都有资格取得机构的担保： （1）该自然人是东道国以外一会员国的国民； （2）该法人是在一会员国注册并在该会员国设有主要业务点，或其多数资本为一会员国或几个会员国或其国民所有，在上述任何情况下，该会员国不得是东道国； （3）该法人不论是否为私人所有，均应在商业基础上经营。 变通：基于投资者和东道国的联合申请，董事会经特别多数票通过，可将合格投资者扩大到作为东道国国民的自然人，或在东道国境内组成或其多数资本由东道国国民所拥有的法人，但其投资的资产应是从东道国境外移入的。,3.6.4 Exercise of the Right of Subrogation Confined to the scope of treatments enjoyed by the original investor, exempted from foreign exchange control and restriction implemented within the territory of the host country but unable to enjoy exemption available to MIGA properties and assets. 3.6.5 Investment promotion 3.7 The Role of the MIGA A global int. org. and has played an important role in promoting international investment, especially the flow of foreign private production capital into developing countries and the development of the international investment law.,5. International Disciplines of the WTO on Investment 5.1 TRIMs Mandatory measures that restrict foreign investment closely related to int. trade and constrain or exert negative impacts on int. trade. Article 2.1 of TRIMS explicitly provides that “without prejudice to other rights and obligations under GATT 1994, no Member shall apply any trade-related investment measures that is inconsistent with the provisions of Article 3 or Article 11 of GATT 1994.” 5.2 GATS Market Access & National Treatment,与贸易有关的投资措施协议从国际投资与国际贸易的关系入手，规定消除那些对货物贸易产生限制或不利影响的投资措施； 服务贸易总协定则侧重于服务贸易领域的直接投资问题，并就这一领域的外国投资的进入及其待遇确立了一般责任和纪律。 两者目的都在于促进国际贸易和国际投资的自由化。,一、与贸易有关的投资措施协议 （一）协议的内容 1.适用范围 仅关注那些可能会“对贸易产生限制或不利影响”的投资措施。 2.国民待遇原则和取消数量限制原则 （1）在不损害1994年关税与贸易总协定下的其他权利和义务的前提下，任一成员不得实施与总协定第3条或第11条规定不符的TRIMS。（概括） （2）与总协定第3条规定的国民待遇义务以及与第11条规定的普遍取消数量限制义务不符的解释性TRIMS清单列入附件。 （列举）,与第3条不符的TRIMs （形式上）据国内法或行政命令是强制性或可执行的，或者为获取优势有必要遵循的措施（非强制性但遵守可获利益的措施） （内容上）要求 企业购买或使用当地生产的或来自于当地的产品，包括特定的产品、产品数量或价值，在当地生产一定比例的产品数量或价值 限量购买或使用进口产品的数量，该数量与企业出口当地产品的数量或价值相联系,与第11条不符的TRIMs （形式上）据国内法或行政命令是强制性或可执行的，或者为获取优势有必要遵循的措施（非强制性但遵守可获利益的措施） （内容上）限制 企业进口当地生产使用的或有关的产品的通常进口，或限于企业出口的当地产品的数量或价值有关的量 进出口平衡（价值、数量） 企业进口当地生产使用的或有关的产品的进口，通过将外汇的使用限于该企业的外汇收入水平外汇平衡 企业出口或销售产品，无论规定具体的产品、产品的数量或价值，还是规定当地生产的数量或价值比例限量出口或销售,针对甲国一系列影响汽车工业的措施，乙、丙、丁等国向甲国提出了磋商请求。四国均为世界贸易组织成员。关于甲国采取的措施，下列哪些是与贸易有关的投资措施协议禁止使用的？ (A) 要求汽车生产企业在生产过程中必须购买一定比例的当地产品 (B) 依国产化率对汽车中使用的进口汽车部件减税 (C) 规定汽车生产企业的外资股权比例不应超过60% (D) 要求企业购买进口产品的数量不能大于其出口产品的数量,二、服务贸易总协定 一个框架性协议 应结合具体部门的附件规则和减让表来确定每一成员的权利义务 同时又是通过周期性谈判不断自由化而确定新的权利义务的框架,总协定的主要目的之一是扩大服务贸易的自由化，这就意味着服务贸易从一国扩大其他国家。 服务服务的商业存在形式，直接与投资相关。 商业存在 指任何形式的商业或专业机构，包括为提供服务在一成员境内组建、获得或维持一个法人，或创立或维持一分支机构或代表处。,形式或类型 市场准入承诺 国民待遇承诺 表现形式 各国开放哪些具体部门、开放程度如何，都规定在服务贸易减让表中。,减让表结构 整体上分为两大部分 第一部分为水平承诺（horizontal commi