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惩罚 函数 二级 圆柱齿轮 减速器 优化 设计 崇文 cad

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惩罚函数法二级圆柱齿轮减速器的优化设计-078105214-江崇文带CAD图,惩罚,函数,二级,圆柱齿轮,减速器,优化,设计,崇文,cad

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一、 选题的依据及意义：齿轮减速器是原动机和工作机之间的独立的闭式传动装置，用来降低转速和增大转矩，以满足工作需要，在某些场合也用来增速，称为增速器。其特点是减速电机和大型减速机的结合。无须联轴器和适配器，结构紧凑。负载分布在行星齿轮上，因而承载能力比一般斜齿轮减速机高。满足小空间高扭矩输出的需要。广泛应用于大型矿山，钢铁，化工，港口，环保等领域。与K、R系列组合能得到更大速比。按照齿形分为圆柱齿轮减速器、圆锥齿轮减速器和圆柱圆锥齿轮减速器; 二级圆柱齿轮减速器就是按其分类来命名的。圆柱齿轮减速器的设计是按传统方法进行的。设计人员按照各种资料、文献提供的数据，结合自己的设计实验，并对已有减速器做一番对比，初步定出一个设计方案，然后对这个方案进行一些验算，如果验算通过了，方案便被肯定了。显然，这个方案是可采用的。但这往往使设计的减速器有很大的尺寸富余量，造成财力、物力和人力的极大浪费。因此，优化圆柱齿轮减速器势在必行。圆柱齿轮传动与普通定轴齿轮传动相比较，具有质量小、体积小、传动比大、承载能力大以及传动平稳和传动效率高等优点，这些已被我国越来越多的机械工程技术人员所了解和重视。由于在各种类型的圆柱齿轮传动中均有效的利用了功率分流性和输入、输出的同轴性以及合理地采用了内啮合，才使得其具有了上述的许多独特的优点。圆柱齿轮传动不仅适用于高速、大功率而且可用于低速、大转矩的机械传动装置上。它可以用作减速、增速和变速传动，运动的合成和分解，以及其特殊的应用中；这些功用对于现代机械传动发展有着重要意义。因此，圆柱齿轮传动在起重运输、工程机械、冶金矿山、石油化工、建筑机械、轻工纺织、医疗器械、仪器仪表、汽车、船舶、兵器、和航空航天等工业部门均获得了广泛的应用。对这种减速器进行优化设计，必将获得可观的经济效益。选做这个毕业设计，一方面对于减速器的内部结构和工作原理也有一定的了解和基础，其次通过对圆柱齿轮减速器这一毕业课题设计可以巩固我大学4年来所学的专业知识，对于我也是一种检验。可以全面检验我大学所学的知识是否全面，是否能灵活运用到实际生活工作中。在做的过程中我还可以不断学习和拓宽视野和思路，做到理论与实际相结合的运用。最重要的是对于即将离校走向社会的我是一种挑战，培养我独立思考，树立全局观念，为以后的我奠定坚实的基础。二、 国内外研究概况及发展趋势（含文献综述）：随着时代进步，科技与时俱进，对于齿轮的传动越来越多的科技因素在起着主导地位。世界上一些工业发达国家，如日本、德国、英国、美国和俄罗斯等，对齿轮传动的应用，生产和研究都十分重视，在结构优化、传动性能，传动功率、转矩和速度等方面均处于领先地位，并出现一些新型的圆柱传动技术，如封闭圆柱齿轮传动、圆柱齿轮变速传动和微型圆柱齿轮传动等早已在现代化的机械传动设备中获得了成功的应用。圆柱齿轮传动在我国已有了许多年的发展史，很早就有了应用。然而，自20世纪60年代以来，我国才开始对圆柱齿轮传动进行了较深入、系统的研究和试制工作。无论是在设计理论方面，还是在试制和应用实践方面，均取得了较大的成就，并获得了许多的研究成果。 近20多年来，尤其是我国改革开放以来，随着我国科学技术水平的进步和发展，我国已从世界上许多工业发达国家引进了大量先进的机械设备和技术，经过我国机械科技人员不断积极的吸收和消化，与时俱进，开拓创新地努力奋进，使我国的齿轮传动技术有了迅速的发展。国内减速器行业重点骨干企业的产品品种、规格及参数覆盖范围近几年都在不断扩展，产品质量已达到国外先进工业国家同类产品水平。纵观国内减速器行业的现状，为保持行业的健康可持续发展在充分肯定行业不断发展、进步的同时，更应看到存在的问题，并积极研究对策，采取措施，力争在较短时间内能有所进展。目前，同外减速器行业存在的比较突出的问题是，行业整体新产品开发能力弱、工艺创新及管理水平低，企业管理方式较为粗放，相当比例的产品仍为中低档次、缺乏有国际影响力的产品品牌、行业整体散、乱情况依然较为严重。基于此，推进行业优势企业间的购并、整合，尽快形成有着一定的市场影响力的品牌、有较大规模的和实力、有较强产品研发和技术支持能力的这样若干个集团型企业，如此放能在与国外同行的竞争中保持一定的优势并不断得以发展。国内减速器行业重点骨干企业的产品品种、规格及参数覆盖范围近几年都在不断扩展，产品质量已达到国外先进工业国家同类产品水平，完全可承担起为国民经济各行业提供传动装置配套的重任，部分产品还出口至欧美及东南亚地区。 目前，国内各类通用减速器的标准系列已达数百个，基本可满足各行业对通用减速器的需求。在第一代通用硬齿面齿轮减速器及圆弧圆柱蜗杆减速器系列产品的基础上，由西安重型机械研究落开发并完成标准化的新一代圆柱及圆锥圆柱齿轮减速器及圆弧圆柱蜗杆减速器业已投方市场。新一代减速器的突出特点为不仅在产品性能参数上进一步进行于优化，而且在系列设计上完全遵从模块化的设计原则，产品造型更加美观，更宜于组织批量生产，更适应现代工业不断发展而对基础件产品提出的愈来愈高的配套要求。此外，南京高精齿轮股份有限公司也推动了PR系列的模块式齿轮减速器系列产品。但总体而言，国内同外减速器系列产品的开发及更新工作近几年进展缓慢，与国外同行在此方面的差距有拉大的趋势。而且与市场的需求也很不适应，西安重型机械研究所及国内其他单位今年已着手开始这方面的开发级标准化工作。在通用减速器的制造方面，国内目前生产厂家数目众多，如对各种类型的圆柱齿轮机圆锥圆柱齿轮或者齿轮蜗杆减速器系列产品，国内主要厂家有南京高精齿轮股份有限公司、宁波东力传动设备有限公司、江阴齿轮箱制造有限公司、江苏泰星减速器有限公司、江苏金象减速机有限公司、山西平遥减速机厂等。对象蜗杆减速器，目前国内主要生产圆弧圆柱蜗杆减速器、锥面包络圆柱蜗杆减速器、平面二次包络环面蜗杆减速器等多种类型，主要生产厂家有江苏金象减速机有限公司、首钢机械制造公司、杭州减机厂、杭州万杰减速剂有限公司、天津万新减速机厂、上海浦江减速机有限公司等，对各种通用圆柱齿轮减速器、包括标准的NGW系列圆柱齿轮减速器，也包括各类回转圆柱减速器及封闭式圆柱齿轮检录其等，主要生产厂家有荆州巨鲸动机械有限公司、洛阳中重齿轮箱有限公司、西安重型机械研究所、石家庄科一重工有限公司、内蒙兴华机械厂等。 在各类专用传动装置的开发机制造方面，国内近几年取得的明显的进展，如重庆齿轮箱有限责任公司生产的MDH28型磨机边缘驱动传动装置，其最大功率已达7000KW，传动转矩达5000KN.m，总重46吨，生产的1700热连轧主传动齿轮箱子的最大模数为30，重量达180吨。由杭州前进齿轮箱有限公司生产的gwc70/76型1.2万吨及装箱船用齿轮箱，传动功率已达6250KW。(转载中国锻压网)由南京高精齿轮股份有限公司及重庆齿轮箱有限公司生产的里磨系列齿轮箱最大功率已达3800KW，由西安重型机械研究所、洛阳重重齿轮箱有限公司、荆州巨鲸传动机械有限公司等开发制造的重载圆柱齿轮箱系列产品在矿山、冶金、建材、煤炭及水电等行业也都得到了广泛应用，其中西安重型机械研究所开发的水泥行业辊压机悬挂系列圆柱齿轮箱的输入功率已达1250KW，用于铝造轧机的圆柱齿轮箱有司责任公司、杭州前进出论箱有限公司、西安重型机械研究所开发的风力发电增速箱系列产品也逐步取代进口产品，广泛应用于国内风电行业。在大型齿圈的制造方面，国内目前最大直径为9.936米，净重达80吨的齿圈已由中信重机制造完成，并用于武钢集团年产500万吨氧化球生产线，至此用于大型烧结机、磨机、回转窑的大型驱动装置以及用于转炉及烧结设备的大型柔性传动装置国内均可圈套供货，而无需再行进口。在其他类型新产品的开发方面，行业企业也取得了不少成果，如西安重型机械研究所开发的工程车辆变速箱和风机及泵用差动节能调速装置、洛阳中重齿轮箱有限公司的大型矿井提升机圆柱齿轮箱、江苏金象减速机公司的磨机驱动齿轮箱、北京太富力传动有限公司的大型三环传动齿轮箱及传动装置等，也都受到了市场的欢迎并得以广泛应用。在行业企业的产能扩展及技术改造方面，近几年呈现出跨越式的发展，这一方面得益于近几年市场强劲需求的拉动，另一方面也是受企业扩大生产规模、提升加工制造水平、进而提升企业竞争力的主观愿望的驱动，国内主要产品厂家近二年购进的关键加工设备，如大型磨齿机、镗铣床、技工中心及热处理设备等，累计超过200余台（套），预计行业产能扩大一倍以上，技改工作的开展固然有提审行业企业规模和生产集中度及竞争力的客观效果，但由于仍存在行业企业数量多、规格小及水平参差不齐等实际问题，因之随着市场需求的回落和国外同行厂商大规模进入国内市场，行业竞争必将进一步加剧，这也必将促进行业企业间的购并、整合甚至转型。据有关资料介绍，人们认为目前齿轮传动技术的发展方向如下：（1） 标准化、多品种 目前世界上已经有50多个渐开线圆柱齿轮传动系列设计；而且还演化出多种形式的圆柱减速器、差速器和圆柱变速器等多种产品。（2） 硬齿面、高精度 圆柱传动机构中的齿轮广泛采用渗碳和氮化等化学热处理。齿轮制造精度一般均在6级以上。显然，采用硬齿面、高精度有利于进一步提高承载能力，使齿轮尺寸变得更小。（3） 高转速、大功率 圆柱齿轮传动机构在高速传动中，如在高速汽轮中已获得日益广泛的应用，其传动功率也越来越大。大规格、大转矩 在中低速、重载传动中，传递大转矩的大规格的圆柱齿轮传动已有了较大的发展。三、 研究内容及实验方案：在圆柱齿轮传动的设计时，应该根据设计任务书所要求该圆柱传动的要求（原始数据及设计技术要求），进一步分析该传动所需的使用要求、工作状况和所需齿轮的机械特性，首先应了解和掌握该圆柱齿轮传动的已知条件；通常，已知的其原始数据为输入功率、输入转速、传动比、工作特性和载荷工况等。 建立优化设计模型，优化问题的数学是实际优化设计问题的数学抽象。在明确设计变量、约束条件、目标函数之后，优化设计问题就可以转化成一般数学问题。采用惩罚函数法对设计参数进行约束优化，以中心距最小为目标进行优化设计，并与常规设计进行比较。进而绘制出减速器装配图及主要零件图。二级圆柱齿轮减速器的优化设计的一般原则是：（1）各级传动的承载能力大致相等（可以最大性能的发挥减速器的承载能力）；（2）在一定承载能力下，减速器具有最小的外形尺寸和重量；（3）各级传动中大齿轮的浸油深度大致相等。四、目标、主要特色及工作进度1、设计目标： 设计出的圆柱齿轮减速器：其输入功率P=6.2kW，输入转速n1=1450r/min，总传动比i=16.5，齿轮的宽度系数a=0.4，工作寿命10年，每年工作300天。结构紧凑、传动功率较高，采用惩罚函数法，以中心距最小为目标进行减速器优化设计2、圆柱齿轮减速器主要特色：1、重量轻、体积小，结构紧凑、承载能力大2、传动效率高 3、传动功率范围大，可以实现运动的合成与分解4、运动平稳、抗冲击和振动的能力较强5、采用硬齿面技术，使用寿命长，使用性广。3、工作进度：1. 收集资料、开题报告、外文翻译 3.053.25 第1周第3周2. 建立优化设计的数学模型 3.264.8 第4周第6周3编写优化设计程序、计算 4.114.24 第 7周第9周4. 减速器常规设计计算、结果分析 4.255.6 第10周第12周5. 绘制减速器装配图及主要零件图 5.95.20 第13周第14周6. 撰写毕业设计论文 5.215.31 第15周第16周7答辩准备及论文答辩 6.16.2 第17周五、参考文献1、璞良贵，纪名刚主编.机械设计.第八版.北京：高等教育出版社，20072、孙靖民主编.机械优化设计.第三版.北京：机械工业出版社，20053、方世杰，綦耀光主编.机械优化设计.北京：机械工业出版社，1997.24、王昆等主编. 机械设计课程设计手册.北京：机械工业出版社，20045、Carrol, R., and Johnson, G.,“Optimal design of compact spur gear sets”, ASME Journal of mechanisms, transmissions and automation in design. Vol.106, No.1, March 1984, pp.95-1016毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目 惩罚函数法二级圆柱齿轮减速器的优化设计 专 业 名 称 机械设计制造及其自动化班 级 学 号 078105214学 生 姓 名 江 崇 文指 导 教 师 朱 保 利填 表 日 期 2011 年 3 月 23 日惩罚函数法二级圆柱齿轮减速器的优化设计学生姓名：江崇文 班级：0781052指导老师：朱保利摘要：减速器是各类机械设备中广泛使用的传动装置。其主要特点为传递功率大、制造简单、维修方便和使用寿命长等优点。传统的减速器设计一般通过反复的试凑、校核确定设计方案，虽然也能获得满足给定条件的设计方案，实践证明，按照传统设计方法作出的设计方案，大部分都有改进的余地，不是最佳方案。本文将对二级圆柱齿轮减速器进行优化设计。考虑到以中心距最小为目标，在此采用了惩罚函数法。通过设计变量的选取、目标函数和约束条件的确定，建立了圆柱齿轮减速器设计的数学模型。编写了优化设计程序，通过在计算机上运行和计算，得出优化设计各参数的大小。从理论上对圆柱齿轮减速器的结构进行了分析并作了常规设计，并对其它的一些附件进行了相应的设计，设计完毕，对其齿面、齿根弯曲强度进行校核，结果满足要求。结果表明，采用优化设计方法后，在满足强度要求的前提下，减速器的尺寸大大降低了，减少了用材及成本，提高了设计效率和质量。关键词：圆柱齿轮减速器 优化设计 惩罚函数法 中心距 常规设计指导老师签名：Penalty function Optimal Design for Two-Grade Helical Cylindrical Gear RedactorStudent name：Jiang Chong Wen Class：0781052Supervisor：Zhu Bao LiAbstract：Reducer is a transmission device which is widely found in mechanical equipment. The main characteristics of it is large power transmission、manufacture simple、easy maintenance and long life. Traditionally, in order to get satisfied design data of reducer, you must cut and try again and again. Although this design can satisfy conditions given. Proved by the practice, according to the traditional design method to the design, most of them have room for improvement, it is not optimal. In this article we will two-grade helical cylindrical gear redactor conduct optimal design . Taking account the minimum distance of center into the goal, penalty function used in this method . In this paper, by the way of selecting design variable , setting up goal function and restriction condition , the mathematical model of cylindrical gear reducer is established . The preparation of the optimal design program , run by the computer and calculating the optimal design parameters . The structure of the gear reducer is analyzed and made conventional design in theory, and some other accessories for the corresponding design , which proved reasonable for the the checking of Tooth surface and tooth root bending strength after the designation completed . The results show that the optimal design methods , strength requirements are met under the premise of the size reducer greatly reduced, reducing the timber and the cost , improve the design efficiency and quality. Key words: Helical Cylindrical Gear Redactor optimal design penalty function Center distance Conventional DesignSignature of supervisor:Optimal Design of Compliant Trailing Edge for Shape ChangingAbstract: Adaptive wings have long used smooth morphing technique of compliant leading an d trailing edge to improve their aerodynamic characteristicsThis paper introduces a systematic approach to design compliant structures to carry out required shape changes under distributed pressure loadsIn order to minimize the deviation of the deformed shape from the target shape，this method uses M ATLAB and ANSYS to optimize the distributed compliant mechanisms by way of the ground approach and genetic algorithm (GA)to remove the elements possessive of very low stressesIn the optimization process，man y factors should be considered such as air loads，input displacements，and geometric nonlinearities。Direct search method is used to locally optimize the dimension an d input displacement after the GA optimization。The resultant structure could make its shape change from 0 to 93degreesTheexperimental data of the model confirm s the feasibility of this approachKeywords： adaptive wing；compliant mechanism；genetic algorithm ；topology optimization；distributed pressure load；geometric nonlinearity1 Introduction：As conventional airfoil contours are usually designed with specific lift coefficients and M ach numbers，they could not change in accordance with the environment changingSiclari and Austin indicated that the variable camber trailing edge would produce the drag about sixty percent less than the conventional fixed camber airfoilThere are three methods used to design able camber wingsOf themone is conventional hinged mechanism，which，however, will create discontinuities over the wings surface leading to earlier airflow separation an d drag increase The others are smart material and the compliant mechanism，of which both could realize smooth shape changingNevertheless，compared to the compliant mechanism，the smartmaterialmade actuators have many disadvantages，such as deficient in energy ,slow in response，strong in hysteresis，limited by temperature，and difficult to control too many actuatorsMusolff from Industry University of Berlin used NiTi shapememoryalloy wire to make an adaptive variable camber wing，which could quickly change its shape，but could not perform highly frequent alteration because of its resilience depend en ton the heat exchange with the outside environment。 Compliant mechanism is a kind of one-piece flexible structure，which can transfer motion and power through its own elastic deformationIt is not only flexible enough to deform，but also has enough stiffness to withstand external loadsThanks to its jointfree nature，it does not have the trouble some problems confronted by conventional mechanism such as friction，lubrication，noise and recoiling，thereby achieving smooth shape changing. In 1 994，Kota，a professor from University of Michigan，firstly pointed out that compliant mechanism could be used to control static shape changing under the sponsorship of the Air Force Of ice of Scientific Research in USASaggere and Kotasuggested a new method to design compliant adaptive structures，which made the least square errors between the shapechanged curve and the target curve as the objective function for optimizationBased on their work，Lu put forward a load pathrepresentation methodHowever, her work was limited to only linear analysis under consideration of nodal loadsGood from Virginia Polytechnic Institute of State University used the compliant mechanism and the Moving Asymptotes method to design the fuselage tail within the allowable range of its tip maximal deflectionKota and He trick in2004 designed a compliant trailing edge on the baseof the F16s data，which can change from 0。to 15。and obtained a patentCampanile from German Aerospace Center presented a modal procedure to design synthetic flexible mechanisms for airfoil shape control，and pointed out that the future research should take into account the air load and the geometric nonlinearityBuhl from Riso National Laboratory of the Wind Energy Department in Denmark used the SIM P method and geometrically nonlinear finite element method to design compliant trailing edge flapsFlxSys Inc in 2006 produced an adaptive compliant wing，which stood the test on the White Knight airplaneThe results indicated that the compliant trailing edge could change+10 In China，the research of adaptive wing has been concentrated on smart material and conventional mechanismFew people，it seems，have worked on designing adaptive wings with the compliant mechanismYang is an exceptionHe analyzed the active aeroelastic wings based on the aeroservoelasticity technologyChen and Huang separately investigated the morphing of the compliant leading edge from the viewpoints of discreteness and continuity. This paper presents a method to design the shape changeable structure by MATLAB and ANSYS associated with distributed compliant mechanism on the base of the ground structure approach and genetic algorithm (GA)taking into account the external distributed loads and geometric nonlinearity.2 Optimization Process:21 Defining the trailing edge model and objective function As shown in Fig1，both curves represent two ideal shapes of the trailing edge in the different flying statesOne side point)of the structure is supposed to be fixed，and the other side point) to be sliding horizontally. Firstly, the design domain should be defined by the initial curve shapethe input location and the boundary conditionsThenit is divided with abeam element network simulating the birds feather as shown in Fig2This is termed the partial ground structure method. Fig1 Initial shape and target shape Fig2 Discretization of the design domain The simplest and most effective way to manufacture the planar compliant mechanism is to use wirecutting technologyIn the optimization program，all the elements are of rectangular beams with the same width equal to the thickness of the material，every beams height being a design variableIn order to make the structures deformation come close to the target shape curve，the least square error(LSE)between the deformed curve and the target curve is defined as the objective functionLSE is the sum of squares of position differences of various points along the curves Its expression is where I (=1，2，P)is the number of the points along the curves，P is the total number of pointsandare the coordinates of it h node on the target and deformed boundary curve respectivelyThe constraints are Where J (=1，2， )is the number of elements，miss the tota1 number of elements，hi the dimension variable，hmin and hmax are the lower and upper bounds of the element beam height for all elements with the value dependent on manufacturing，hb the height of the boundary elements， the maximumnoda1 deformation of the nodes on the curve boundary when the input point is inactive，and should be smaller thandto ensure structure stiffness，d the allowable maximum displacement when the input point is inactive，Omax the maximum stress of al1 the elements which must be smaller than Tj to prevent yielding，Tj the topology variable equal to 1，or else0 when the element is eliminated22 GA optimization GA is an optimization method which simulates the heuristic selection rule in nature，where the fittest living things have the most chance to survive，but the inferior ones also have the opportunity to exist Different from the continuous optimization method，it does not require the gradient-based information of the objective function. Every element could be expressed as a topology variable and a dimension variable Therefore，each individua1 could be coded as follows where ，2 is the number of elements except the boundary onesWith the same heights，the boundary elements throughout the optimizing process arerepresented by only one variable，hb.The fitness is the criterion of the GA optimizationIt could be transformed from the objective function into where is a coefficient deciding the compulsive selection of the betterindividua1The smaller the value，the more different would be between the two individualsfitness thus increasing the compulsiveness of choosing the individual of higher fitness The selection of control parameters plays an important role in the convergence of the GAGenerally speakingthe cross probability ranges 040099；the mutation probability is 0000 01-001and the number of individuals 1 0200 The variable would be updated through the crossover and mutation，so the possible design could generate in the GA process23 Finite element analysis(FEA) Because of the limited design variables and the target function，the optimization module of FEA software could not be used to design the compliant morphing mechanismTherefore，this paper programmed the GA in MATLAB and the FEA in ANSYSIn the FEA，taking only account of geometric nonlinearities and the material being of linear elasticity, ANSYS could solve the node displacements and the element stressesThen by deleting the elements with low stress，the fitness could be calculatedFig3 shows the detailed process Fig3 Flowchart of the structural optimization program24 Second optimizationAlthough the GA could optimize the topology and dimension simultaneously in a large solution space，the dimension usually could not directly converge to the optimizationIn order to solve this problem，after the GA，the Direct Search methodshould be used to find the best values of the input displacement and the dimensions of the elements which remain in the results after the GAFor morphing of compliant mechanism，Fig3describes the whole optimization processIt mainly contains initialization of the design domain，FEA，GA optimization and second optimization.3 Presentation of Results:Adopted from Ref，the sizes of the initial and the target trailing edge are reduced by sixty percent，I1ab1e 1 lists the design parameters.Because the displacement is used as the input，the nonlinear analysis could hardly converge and the stress of the initia1 solutions is very largeWhich should be considered after thirtieth generation.Table 1 Design parameters Fig4 and Fig5 illustrate the results from the GA optimization and the second optimization respectivelyFig4 Results after the GA optimization Fig5 Results after the second optimizationForm Table 2，it could be found that through the second optimization of the input displacement and the dimension，the LSE is reduced by 1352 8mmand improved by 313 The altered angle is increased by 1049 3Table 2 Results after the two optimization Fig6 Stability of final optimal structureFig6 shows the influences of the parameters when the outside distributed pressure load changes from 0 to 1 0 Nmm and the input displacement remains 1 1389 7 mm on the optimal structureIt could be seen that the optimal structure has a good stability if the load is kept in the range Of 05 NmmAs the external load exceeds 5 Nmm，the max stress