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当代校园空间营造模式探究--南通市港闸区启秀市北学校规划与建筑设计【建筑工程毕业说明书论文开题报告外文翻译】.zip

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建筑工程毕业说明书论文开题报告外文翻译 当代校园空间营造模式探究--南通市港闸区启秀市北学校规划与建筑设计【建筑工程毕
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当代校园空间营造模式探究--南通市港闸区启秀市北学校规划与建筑设计【建筑工程毕业说明书论文开题报告外文翻译】.zip,建筑工程毕业说明书论文开题报告外文翻译,当代校园空间营造模式探究,南通市港闸区启秀市北学校规划与建筑设计【建筑工程毕
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毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书1本毕业设计(论文)课题应达到的目的: 通过本次毕业设计,使学生进一步掌握五年所学的基础理论和专业设计知识,增强分析问题、解决问题的专业技能和设计创新能力,提高专业设计图纸绘制的规范性和方案计算机表现技能,促进学生养成独立工作的能力以及严谨的工作作风,为学生将来走上工作岗位,顺利完成所承担的任务奠定基础。 根据南通港闸区“十二五”教育布局规划,结合市北新城高速发展的现实需求,经多方调研,决定在原南通市主城区中小学布局规划(20122020)的基础上稍做调整,新建一所九年一贯制学校。从推进南通市区教育均衡发展和教育公平角度出发,决定引进核心区优质教育资源,与南通市启秀中学实行联合办学,学校定名“南通市启秀市北学校”。基地位于幸余路以南、集贤路以东、市北路以西地块,规模达6轨54班(小学6轨36班,初中6轨18班)。该项目的建设对加快港闸区教育事业的发展和提升教育水平起重要作用,对社会稳定、和谐发展起到良好的促进作用。 2本毕业设计(论文)课题任务的内容和要求(包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等): 1、任务要求 1.1基地背景 1.1.1历史背景:“近代第一城”南通是著名教育之乡,其中百年名校之一启秀中学,是由清末状元,近代著名实业家、教育家张謇先生于1912年创办。现决定在港闸区建立启秀市北学校,新校区位于上海市北高新(南通)科技城规划范围中,市北新城未来三到五年将达到12万人口规模,新校区的建立将为高品质园区提供优质的教育配套设施。 1.1.2基地现状:市北学校位于港闸区幸余路以南、集贤路以东、市北路以西的地块,基地内部场地地势平缓,东南两侧为已建居住小区,西侧为河道,河道周围已建有绿化带。 1.2建筑规模及结构 1.2.1总用地面积:64000m左右。 1.2.2总建筑面积:25000m(可根据设计适当调配10%)。 1.2.3建筑结构:框架结构。 2、技术要求 2.1外围护结构热工要求,地区相当于200mm砖墙的热工条件; 2.2主导风向:夏季主导风向为东南风,冬季主导风向为东北风; 2.3耐火等级:二级; 2.4抗震设防:按7度设防; 2.5日照间距:南方地区按1:1.3考虑; 2.6建筑的水、暖、电均由城市集中供应。 3、设计要求 3.1建筑设计内容一、教学及教学辅助用房:18000m (一)、普通教室 54x70m (二)、专用教室 1、科学实验室 2x96m 2、科学探究室 2x96m 3、科学仪器准备室 1x96m 4、物理实验室 3x96m 5、物理探究实验室 1x96m 6、化学实验室 3x96m 7、化学探究实验室 1x96m 8、生物实验室 3x96m 9、生物探究实验室 1x96m 10、理化生仪器室 3x45m 11、理化生准备室 3x25m 12、多媒体网络计算机房 4x96m 13、计算机辅助用房 2x30m 14、计算机资料及工作室 2x30m 15、语言实验室 3x96m 16、音乐室 4x86m 17、舞蹈室 4x100m 18、器乐排练室 1x96m 19、音乐器材室 3x30m 20、美术室(含书法室) 4x86m 21、美术器材室 2x30m 22、历史室 1x96m 23、地理室 1x96m 24、多功能教室 2x96m 25、电教器材室 2x30m 26、综合实践活动室 4x96m 27、综合实践活动器材室 3x30m 28、软件制作室 2x30m (三)、公共教学用房 1、阶梯教室 3x140m 2、报告厅 1x400m 3、图书室 150m (1)阅览室 90m (2)书库 60m 4、体育馆 4000m 二、办公用房:2000m 1、教学办公用房 教师办公室 若干x30m 2、行政办公用房 (1)校长室 3x30m (2)教务办公室 6x30m (3)广播室 1x30m (4)医务保健室 2x30m (5)总务仓库 1x30m (6)文印室 1x30m (7)值班室 1x30m (8)档案室 1x30m (9)安防监控室 1x30m (10)维修工作间 1x30m (11)荣誉室、接待室 1x60m (12)心理咨询室 1x30m (13)传达室 1x30m (14)会议室 1x90m、2x45m 三、生活服务用房:2500m 1、教职工与学生食堂 2000m 2、厕所、开水房等按需要定四、运动场: 1、运动场:400米跑道,兼设足球场 2、篮球场:按每6班设一个标准篮球场或排球场五、地下室工程(含人防地下设备用房和地下停车场)以上各面积均以轴线计,允许面积误差增减10%。 3.2景观环境设计 3.2.1结合建筑及周边环境,合理设置相应的室外环境空间;并与周边建筑和环境形成对话关系,体现整体性。 3.2.2环境应有明确的主题,充分运用小品、植被、水体、铺装、构筑物、灯光照明、音响等设计要素,满足休闲与展示的要求。 3.2.3设置室外各功能场地:入口广场,室外停车场等。 3.2.4符合无障碍设计要求。 3.3地形图 毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书3对本毕业设计(论文)课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求: 1、设计图纸不少于15张,A3版面排版(不包括封面、目录、设计说明) 1.1总平面布置图(包含相关技术经济指标);标明道路、绿化、小品、停车位和出入口的位置;标明技术经济指标:用地面积、建筑密度、容积率和绿化面积。 1.2各类分析图;路网分析示意图、功能分析图、建筑形态分析图、交通分析图、景观意向图、消防分析图、用地分期实施范围示意图 1.3单体设计各层平面图(1:150不少于2张),标注轴线及开间尺寸,画出墙体、柱、楼梯、门窗洞口及门的开启方向,注写房间名称,在一层平面图中注剖切符号; 1.4横剖面图(1:150不少于2张),剖切位置应选择在楼梯间和能最大限度地表现建筑内部空间的位置;剖面包括:基础及基础墙;外墙、内墙;吊平顶;楼地面及屋面构造;楼梯;钢筋混凝土楼板及梁;注明各层楼地面标高;屋面坡度;剖面关键尺寸;使用提供的图例,加以必要的说明。 1.5建筑外观效果图(不少于3张) 1.6其他必要的分析说明图件 2、设计说明书字数不少于4000字,遵照金陵科技学院本科毕业设计(论文)撰写规范相关要求进行撰写和排版。 4主要参考文献: 1程大锦.建筑:形式、空间和秩序(第三版)M.天津:天津大学出版社,2008. 2建筑设计资料集编委会编.建筑设计资料集M.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1994. 3彭一刚著.建筑空间组合论M. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社1998. 4扬盖尔著.交往与空间M. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002. 5帕内罗、泽尔尼克.人体尺度与室内空间M. 天津:天津科技出版社,1999. 6 朱德本著.公共建筑设计图集M. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999. 7陆邵明.公共建筑设计原理 M. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社1998. 8潘洁.房屋建筑学M. 中国建筑工业出版社.2005.9 9朱德本著.公共建筑设计图集M. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999. 10 胡发仲;小学校园环境规划设计及其未来发展态势研究D.四川大学,2006. 11杨维菊著 .建筑构造设计M. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社2009. 12时代建筑编辑部.时代建筑.同济大学出版社 13崔国民.创造有特色的校园文化建筑新世界中小学校建筑规划设计随想J.房材与应用,2003.(6):59-60. 14崔振武.儿童心理与建筑环境小学建筑设计方案综述J.山西建筑,2000.05. 15王庆;注重室内环境中的情感体验J.安徽建筑,1998.04 16赵慧宁;建筑环境设计中人体活动与心理情感因素分析J.东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2005. 01. 17王君溯;中小学校园设计的开放式建筑观J.福建建筑,2004.05. 18郑宙青;当代国外教学空间组织启示J.华中建筑,2004.06. 19周南;小学校园规划与儿童行为发展之研究J.建筑学报,1998.08. 20唐莉英;城市儿童游戏场空间研究D.西南交通大学,2004. 毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书5本毕业设计(论文)课题工作进度计划:2015.10.19- 2015.12.9 毕业设计前期准备,指导学生完成选题工作; 2015.12.08- 2015.12.20 完成设计任务书上传,学生撰写开题报告; 2015.12.21- 2016.01.25 完成毕业设计开题报告、论文大纲等撰写和审核工作; 2016.01.26- 2016.04.05 毕业设计初稿提交与审核,填写中期检查表; 2016.04.06- 2016.04.12 毕业设计初稿修改,毕设成果定稿提交; 2016.04.13- 2016.05.18 毕业设计定稿审核、成果制作和准备答辩; 2016.05.19- 2016.05.25 组织和安排答辩,完成毕业设计答辩工作; 2016.05.26- 2016.06.06 输入成绩和上传毕设终稿,进行相关总结工作。 所在专业审查意见:符合建筑学毕业设计的要求,时间安排合理,审核通过。负责人: 2016 年 1 月6 日 毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计(论文)课题情况,根据所查阅的文献资料,每人撰写不少于1000字左右的文献综述: 本设计是一所九年一贯制学校,位于南通市港闸区的市北新城规划范围内,旨在为高品质园区提供优质的教育配套设施。新城的建设日渐完善,在基地西北东三面已有城市道路,西侧有一片景观带。本设计将注重利用已有条件,主要规划设计教学区、办公区、生活区和体育活动区四部分,创造交通便捷、空间开放、环境舒适、氛围自由的校园空间。我国的基础教育规模有限、质量滞后,这些现状制约了它的发展。另一方面,在社会信息化、教育产业化的环境下,教育体制也在不断推进。为了合理配置资源、实现教育公平、减少学生负担、节约社会资源,“九年一贯制”学校应运而生。它是贯穿小学六年和初中三年教育的一体化学校。这种学校包含7岁至15岁的在校生,在这个漫长的年龄段里,学生的生理、心理都发生巨大的变化,因此需要合适的空间尺度和心理私密感。在设计时要整合学生的年龄层次,以安全为首要因素,处理好既公共又不乏私密的空间关系。目前,“九年一贯制”学校在北京、上海、杭州等大城市得到大力推行,但是作为一种新型学校建设模式,它缺乏与之相适应的规划建设理论,这一领域的工作仍需进一步研究。现在我国大部分普通中小学依然沿用上世纪的设计模式,即长外廊串联普通教室的院落式形态。但是在以创新为核心的知识经济时代,学校的教学模式从以教师为中心转向以学生为主体,学生被赋予更大的活动和思考空间。所以,传统的单一、封闭、固定、以教室为唯一讲课地点的教学空间已不能适应现代教学模式。目前国内开始对新型学校空间设计进行研究,如李志民在适应素质教育的新型中小学建筑形态探讨(上)中小学建筑的发展及其动向中认为:新型中小学建筑在空间与环境上的特征是开放、自由、灵活的室内空间;拥有“家”的气氛,能让学生从环境中学习;建筑形象上要反映新型空间特点。受社会经济水平的制约,我国的教育空间发展仍处于初步阶段,需要伴随教育的发展不断完善。南通地区九年一贯制学校投入使用的只有一所,而且办学时间只有三年,不足以切实全面的反映此类学校现状,所以我们研究分析了苏州市工业园区星海学校。该校创办于2000年9月,位于苏州金鸡湖风景区。它是按现代化标准兴建的区内第一所九年制公立学校。该校历史年轻,对于学校建设有创新大胆的认识,重视共享空间和活动场所的设计。我们还调研了南通一些普通的中小学,在两者结合的基础上,我们得到一些启示:在学校规划上,不仅要满足学生各项活动的需要,还要体现人文、科技、健康、可持续的理念。在功能设计上,遵循整合年龄层次的原则,从人体尺度、心理需求两方面着手。具体措施如教室的布置、图书阅览室的整合设计、扩大多功能教室并增加它的使用功能等。在建筑形体上,运用现代设计手法、造型和色彩、不同质感的穿插,丰富空间层次,体现校园的艺术性。本设计将从学校师生的需求出发,综合适用、经济、美观等要求,创造一个愉悦、灵活、安全的新型校园。参考文献:1易丽雅.九年一贯制学校校前及周围空间规划J.山西建筑,2009,(04)2易丽雅.一体化九年一贯制学校整合式规划及建筑设计探究D:硕士学位论文.上海:同济大学.20093张宗尧,李志民.中小学建筑设计M.北京.中国建筑工业出版社,20004李志民.适应素质教育的新型中小学建筑形态探讨(下)新型中小学建筑空间及环境特征J.西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2000,(03)5李志民.适应素质教育的新型中小学建筑形态探讨(上)中小学建筑的发展及其动向J.西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2000,(03)6李志民,李曙婷,周崐.适应素质教育的中小学建筑空间及环境模式研究J.南方建筑,2009,(02)7邵兴江,赵中建.革新学校建筑设计:建构新的研究视角J.教育基本理论,2012,(09)8温倩梅.学校建筑设计与教育的同步发展J.广州建筑,2011,(06)9徐耀.学校建筑设计中建筑美学与人情化的融合探讨J.山西建筑,2012,(12)10刘蔚清.合理利用小学建筑空间,营造良好校园环境氛围J.中外建筑,2011,(07)11王辉,张晶晶.浅谈小学建筑的设计J.科技信息,2010,(17)12韩洋.现代教育理念的建筑表现途径以漳州碧湖小学设计为例A.2014年7月建筑科技与管理学术交流会论文集C,201413李德强.小学建筑空间特点分析及设计J.工业B,2015(20)14刘海.浅谈当代中学校园的规划与建筑设计J.城市建设理论究,2014(06)15徐冰华,明亮.青岛经济技术开发区育才初级中学校园规划设计J.山东建筑大学学报,2014,(03)毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段(途径): 1、研究问题或解决的问题研究儿童、青少年的生理、心理特征和行为发展等因素,以安全设计为前提,创造适合他们的空间尺度和自由开放的环境,增加学生之间、师生之间的交流,满足学生全面发展的需要,服务周边区域,具有一定地方特色,突显城市人文艺术氛围,提高城市形象和影响力。2、拟采用的研究途径 2.1调研阶段:外出调研南通的多个中小学和苏州星海学校,分析它们的规划布局、功能分区、流线以及风格特征,为自己设计做准备。2.2构思阶段:考虑自己设计的风格和手法以及采用怎样的节能方式,去图书馆查阅相关书籍和资料,寻找理论支撑。2.3草图阶段:将自己的想法以草图形式交给老师修改,指出其中不足。通过几次修改,敲定大体框架。2.4扩充阶段:在草图基础上对方案进行扩充和细化,考虑细节和小空间氛围的营造,直至方案完全确定。2.5方案图绘制阶段:将方案以图纸的形式绘制出来,利用计算机绘图、建模、渲染和排版,最后将打印A3文本上交。毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见:1对“文献综述”的评语:作者查阅了大量的相关文献资料,在对相关内容了解的基础上,经过分析研究,归纳了相应的设计方法,明确了设计的目标。文章简明扼要,各部分层次结构清晰,表述恰当。 2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计(论文)结果的预测:本课题的有一定的深度和广度,工作量能达到毕业设计的要求,对设计成果有较好的预期。 3.是否同意开题: 同意 不同意 指导教师: 2016 年 02 月 20 日所在专业审查意见:符合要求,审核通过。 负责人: 2016 年 02 月 20 日原文:Elementary School1. Overview Elementary School buildings are the setting for the first four to eight years of a childs formal education, a period of structured schooling that is compulsory in most countries. In the United States, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), first enacted in 1965 and reauthorized by the No Child Left Behind Act, is the principal federal law that affects kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12). Elementary school usually begins for children aged four to seven (four if the school includes kindergarten, which is a program for children four to six years of age that serves as an introduction to school). Other terms used to describe this initial stage of education are primary, grade and grammar school. This Building Type page defines elementary school as grades K-8.More than other building types, school facilities have a profound impact on their occupants and the functions of the building, namely teaching and learning. Children in various stages of development are stimulated by light, color, the scale of their surroundings, even the navigational aspects of their school. Children can also react negatively to adverse conditions.Glebe Elementary SchoolArlington, Virginia by BeeryRio Architecture + InteriorsLeft: Passive solar design strategy incorporated into the exterior of the building.Right: The Library/Media Room which receives ample daylight.2. Building Attributes Elementary schools can be designed in a variety of sizes, configurations, and layouts depending on the school district and the program. It is fairly common for grades seven and eightsometimes six, seven and eightto be housed in separate facilities as middle schools. Middle schools pose special challenges to designers. Students at this pre-adolescent age are becoming more independent, experimental, and temperamental. They have transitioned from primary school, where instruction occurs for the most part in one classroom with one teacher, and are learning to follow schedules and find their way to different parts of the building. The physical organization of the school needs to provide easy navigation that builds confidence without sacrificing safety and security. Middle schools also require space for lockers, science labs, art studios, industrial arts, choral and band, and other programs. Media centers, often as large as 4,000 to 5,000 square feet, are more sophisticated and frequently used in middle schools. Middle school teachers value cross-disciplinary team teaching, which typically requires spacious, flexible facilities. For these reasons, and to separate young children from older students, primary and middle school spaces must be delineated.Sterling Montessori AcademyMorrisville, North CarolinaThe roof monitors that bring daylight into the classrooms of this 200-student elementary school provides an added benefit: improved acoustics.Regardless of the schools configuration, children need a healthful and stimulating environment in which to learn. Elementary schools should be comfortable visually, acoustically, and thermally; they should have excellent indoor air quality; and they should be safe and secure. These buildings should also be also good environmental citizens as they are teaching tools in and of themselves. Community leaders, parents, and educators value schools that have a strong connection to the community. And finally, elementary schools need to be cost effective in order to maximize limited funding and provide the best learning environments possible for the budget.A. Types of SpacesFundamental space types for elementary schools include, but are not limited to:Administrative OfficesArt facilityCafeteriaIn elementary schools, the cafeteria often doubles as the auditorium, aka cafeterium.ClassroomDaylight is most important in classrooms, where most teaching and learning occurs.Common areas/courtyardsGymnasiumHealth ServicesLobbySchools often showcase team trophies in the foyer or feature a colorful display at childs eye level.Media CenterSchools are changing traditional libraries into media centers, adapting to new technology, as well as to other issues such as comfort, flexibility and maximum use of space.Multipurpose RoomsMusic EducationRestroomsScience FacilityB. Important Design ConsiderationsAccessibilityDesign spaces to meet the specific needs of students, teachers, and administrative staff with disabilities. See Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (ADAAG). 2002.The United States Access Board, which supports ADA implementation, recognizes that poor acoustics also have a negative impact on hearing-impaired students. ANSI/ASA Standard S12.60-2002, Acoustical Performance Criteria, Design Requirements and Guidelines for Schools, and ANSI/ASA S12.60-2009/Part 2, Acoustical Performance Criteria, Design Requirements, and Guidelines for Schools, Part 2: Relocatable Classroom Factors specifies acoustical performance criteria for learning spaces.Design for future flexibility, which enables spaces to be easily modified.See also:ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Play Areas, 2000.ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Building Elements Designed for Childrens Use, 1998.National Clearinghouse for Educational FacilitiesWBDG Beyond Accessibility to Universal DesignAestheticsThe importance of the physical appearance of a public school should not be minimized. A school building that is attractive and responds to and is consistent with the design and context of the neighborhood, builds a sense of pride and ownership among students, teachers, and the community. The exterior should complement the neighborhood and reflect the communitys values. The interior should enhance the learning process.Bring the community into the planning process through an integrated design process.Provide an interior environment that is visually comfortable and stimulating by integrating natural and artificial lighting, eliminating glare, and incorporating colors that stimulate or soothe, depending on the space function.Design for diffuse, uniform daylight throughout classrooms.Avoid direct-beam sunlight.Use a daylight analysis tool to integrate lighting systems, controls, and materials that reflect or absorb light.Cost-EffectiveSchool districts typically separate their capital and operating budgets and therefore have little incentive to factor in the long-term cost of a building when making decisions about its design and construction. However, to reduce the total cost of owning a building while ensuring its quality, it is necessary to balance the initial design and construction costs with the cost of lighting, heating, cooling, repairing, and otherwise operating and maintaining the facility.Apply cost-effective principals in the planning, design, construction, and operation of school facilities.Select building elements on the basis of life-cycle cost analysisMirror the lifespan of projects and systems with the expected lifespan of the facility.Consider the recyclability of materials.Specify materials and products that are easy to maintain (balance this with their impact on childrens health and the environment).Utilize life-cycle cost analysis tools.Commission the facility to ensure that it operates in a manner consistent with design intent.Use energy simulation and analysis tools to optimize energy performance (integrate daylight systems, high-performance HVAC, energy-efficient building shell, and high-performance electric lighting)FunctionalTo foster students sense of community and individuality:Cluster classrooms around common areas.Connect spaces visually with colors and patterns, particularly for primary school children.Provide platform spaces for gathering, sitting, and presenting and alcoves for quiet play, reflection, and reading.Decentralize administrative spaces to encourage active leadership and maximize interaction with students.Provide a home base for each student and teacher.To ensure flexibility and adaptability for changing programs and enrollments:Use operable walls to increase the efficiency of large, multi-purpose spaces, such as the cafeteria and gymnasium.Accommodate technology upgrades.Allow classrooms to change with the activity and group size. This is particularly important in primary schools, where students typically stay in one room with one teacher throughout much of the day.Historic PreservationHistoric school buildingsthose that are 50 years of age or olderwere typically the centers of their communities and were designed to optimize natural ventilation and daylight. Communities should study the history of their schools and become involved in the planning of new schools in order to make wise decisions regarding renovation versus new construction. All of the pros and cons of renovating an old school should be weighed, such as:Structural integrityCommunity accessBuilding orientationsolar accessDaylight opportunities (i.e., large windows) and possible barriers (multi-story buildings)Other features that enhance or hinder visual/thermal/acoustic comfortPotential to upgrade for energy efficiency, water efficiency, safety and security, and technologyAestheticsCommunity landmark; historic significanceProximity to residential neighborhoods (potential for walking/bicycling to school)Site disturbanceFor information about preserving, rehabilitating, restoring, or reconstructing historic buildings see WBDG Historic Preservation Branch.ProductiveDena Boer Elementary SchoolSalida, California Skylights are used to distribute natural daylight to the classrooms, library, multipurpose room, and offices of this 800-student, K-5 school. Louvers installed in the skylight wells help control daylight levels and can be used to darken rooms when necessary. Classroom windows provide additional daylight and are protected by deep overhangs that control direct sunlight and glare.Elementary schools should enhance the health and productivity of students, teachers, and staff.Make daylight a priority, especially in classrooms. Daylight is the controlled admission of natural light into a space. Glare and hot spots can undermine the learning process. Studies show a positive correlation between daylight and student performance.Integrate daylight with high-efficient electric lighting and controls to optimize visual comfort.Use natural ventilation when possible. (This and daylight also provides a connection to the outdoors.)Ensure acoustical comfort. Poor classroom acoustics are more than merely annoying. If young children are unable to hear their teacher, they usually are unable to fill in the blanks as adults with life experience are able to do, and this can disrupt learning.Ensure superior indoor air quality. Children typically are more sensitive to indoor air pollutants than adults and more likely to suffer ill effects such as allergies and asthma. See U.S. EPA Healthy School Environments. Consider displacement ventilation systems (PDF 298 KB).Ensure thermal comfort. Right size HVAC systems to keep humidity in the comfort zone. Give teachers control over the temperature of individual classrooms.Embrace the concept of the building as a teaching tool (aka a 3-D textbook or living lab)Connect the indoor environment to the outdoors by providing operable view windows in classrooms and easy access from classrooms to gardens and other outdoor areas that can be utilized in the curriculum.Secure / SafeProviding safe schools should be a high priority.Maximize visual access to corridors and school grounds.Increase occupants sense of ownership and territoriality by providing comfortable, not institutional, rooms and by clearly defining the school boundaries.Control access to the building and grounds by individuals and vehicles.Use durable, non-toxic building materials.Provide shelter in cases of emergency. See BIPS 07 / FEMA 428 Primer to Design Safe School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks and School Shootings and FEMA Safe Rooms and Community Shelters Case Studies.Accommodate safe egress from the building in case of emergency.Left: Boscawen Elementary SchoolBoscawen, New HampshireRoom like, non-institutional corridors, plenty of views out and in, and windows between the classrooms and the hallway all combine to improve the safety and sense of security in this New Hampshire school.Right: Roy Lee Walker Elementary SchoolMcKinney, Texas, Independent School DistrictRain is harvested from the roof of this 608-student, K-5 school, and used to water the grounds and flush the toilets year round. The water is stored in six above-ground cisterns designed as integral components of the overall architecture of the facility.SustainableDesigning sustainable, high performance green schools.Use energy, water, and other resources efficiently.Integrate renewable energy strategies, including passive solar design and, where appropriate, solar thermal and photovoltaics.Integrate high-performance mechanical and lighting systems.Conserve and protect natural areas. Provide barriers that protect children and plants and wildlife.Incorporate materials and products derived from sustainable-yield processes and/or are manufactured locally.Provide opportunities for safe walking and bicycling to school.3. Emerging Issues Demand is on the rise for schools that feature high-performance design and technologies to enhance learning, support community use, and function well during natural and manmade disasters. At the same time, resources for school planning, design, construction, and operation are constrained. The challenge is to build high quality schools efficiently. Community shared spaces and life-cycle cost analysis are two ways that designers are meeting this challenge.Scientists, planners, design professionals, public officials, school administrators, parents, teachers, and students are informing the current dialogue about optimal school design:Scientists who study the neuroscience of learning are finding that certain lighting, acoustics, and spatial relationships support or hinder the learning process.Planners and designers are involving community stakeholders in their design decisions and spurring the development of joint-use facilities that are centers of the community.Concerns about safety and security (within the school and within the community) are more acute than ever, prompting innovative thinking about design strategies that minimize the impact of natural and manmade hazards. Schools with back-up, off-grid, renewable power systems can double as emergency shelters. See NREL Solar Secure Schools: Strategies and Guidelines (PDF 696 KB), 2006.State and local officials are recognizing that school facilitiesthe physical buildingsare important to their programmatic success. Several states have established new design guidelines and requirements for high performance schools whose features promote student/teacher health and productivity, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability.School administrators, parents, teachers, and students are focused on meeting new testing standards, which calls for an enhanced learning environment with appropriate technology and comfort control systems.School districts are serving communities that are increasingly multi-cultural and multi-lingual.中文译文:小 学一、概述设计小学建筑是为了提供一个场所,让孩子们接受学习生涯中最初的 4 至 8 年的正规教育。在大多数国家,这段时间的模式化教育是被强制实行的。在 1965 年,美国根据不让一个孩子掉队法案首次颁布初等和中等学校教育法案 ,这个法案是一条重要的联邦法律,它对幼儿园到 12 年级都有法律效益。孩子们一般在 4 至 7 岁开始上小学(4 岁开始上学的学校包括幼儿园,它为 4 到 6 岁的孩子设置) 。还有一些其他的用来描述教育的初始阶段的词汇有“主” 、 “年级”和“语法”学校。还有其他的建筑类型、学校设施都深刻地影响着它们的使用者和建筑的功能,也就是所谓的教学和学习。处于各个发展阶段的孩子都会被光线、颜色以及周围环境的规模,甚至是学校的教育方向所影响。孩子可能会对不利条件产生消极反应。格里布小学(位于弗吉尼亚州的阿灵顿,比雷欧负责它的建筑和室内设计)左图:被动式太阳能设计和谐地融入到建筑外观中。右图:图书馆和多媒体教室能够获得充足的采光。二、建筑属性二、建筑属性小学可以根据它所在的地区和建设计划而被设计成各种各样的规模、布局,拥有各种水平的配置。那些将 7、8 年级或者 6、7、8 年级放在一起,单独设置成初中的情况也是相当普遍的。不同于小学,做中学的设计则对设计师提出了特殊的挑战。因为学生处于青春期前的这个年纪变得越来越独立、好冒险而且喜怒无常。在小学里的大部分时候,他们每天都在同一个教室里听一个老师讲课,按照计划表学习,熟悉学校里通往各教室的路线。而现在他们已经不再适应这种情况了。学校生理组织机构需要提供一些简单的指导来建立保障学生安全的信心。中学还需要设计空间储物柜、科学实验室、艺术工作室、工艺课、合唱乐队和其他项目。多媒体中心在中学使用更频繁复杂,它建筑面积往往多达 4000 到 5000 平方英尺。中学老师通常比较重视跨学科的团队教学,这就需要有宽敞、灵活的教学设施。因为这些原因,我们必须要将少儿和青少年分开考虑,将小学和初中空间分开设计。上图为蒙特梭利学院(位于北卡罗来纳州的莫斯维尔) ,它能容纳 200 名小学生。它把阳光带进教室的设计为这个小学提供了一个额外的好处:提高音响效果。不管学校的配置条件如何,孩子们都需要在一个健康和积极的环境中学习。小学应该要配备舒适的视听条件、恒温的环境,要达到良好的室内空气质量,要有安全设施等。这些建筑本身也应该是良好的环境公民,因为它们是城市的教育工具。最后,小学需要有效地利用成本,使有限的资金得到最大使用,并且提供为学生提供最好的学习环境。1 1、空间类型空间类型小学的基本空间类型包括(但不限于):行政办公室艺术设施自助餐厅在小学,自助餐厅经常也作为礼堂使用,所以又可以称作“礼堂食堂大厅” 。教室教室主要在白天使用,大部分的教学和学习是在教室里进行。公共区域/庭院体育馆医务室大厅学校经常在大厅或者在孩子们的视平线处做一个明显的色彩区域,用来展示学校所获得的团队奖杯。多媒体中心现在学校正在适应和采用新技术,将传统图书馆转变为多媒体中心,同时也解决了舒适性、灵活性和空间的高效使用等问题。多功能室音乐教室厕所科学设施1、 设计时重要的考虑因素(1)利用率设计空间要满足学生、老师和有残疾的行政人员的特定需求。 (参考美国残疾人行动指南 (2002) )美国访问委员会支持美国残疾人法的实施,它认识到不良的声学环境会对学生的听力有负面影响,使之受损。 (参考美国标准学会 ASA S1206-2002 关于学校设计的声学性能标准、设计要求和指南,以及美国标准学会 ASA S1206-2009 第二部分中浮动教室因素:指定学习空间的声学性能标准。 )设计时要考虑到未来使用的灵活性,这样使得空间将来易于进行改动。其他参考:美国残疾人法娱乐设施无障碍实施细则美国残疾人法儿童建筑物不见无障碍设计实施细则国家教育设施交流中心全部建筑设计指南“通用设计以外的可达性”(2)美观性不能够忽视公立学校外观的重要性。学校建筑应当有一定的吸引力,并且要同整个社区的设计格局相一致,它要在学生、教师和社区间产生一种自豪感和归属感。学校的外观应该是社区环境的补充,并且能够通过它来反映整个社会的价值观。在学校内部还需要加强学习的过程。要通过一体化设计将社区因素考虑到学校整体规划过程中。要能够提供一个良好的视觉环境,它会使视觉舒适、自然和人工照明相结合、消除眩光,并且能根据空间功能采用强烈或
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