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中文题目：晓明 4 矿 1.80Mt/a 新井设计外文题目：THE NEW MINE DESIGN OF XIAO MING NO.4 MINE(1.80MT/A)毕业设计（论文）共 113 页（其中：外文文献及译文 14 页） 图纸共 4 张 完成日期 20xx 年 6 月 答辩日期 20xx 年 6 月附录A煤与瓦斯突出矿井无人工作面开采保护煤层的研究摘要为解决煤矿开采技术、装备普遍落后，煤炭资源回收率低、安全以及死亡率高的问题，基于科学采矿的理念，提出高度自动化与传统综采工艺相结合的无人工作面开采技术，同时提出了在煤与瓦斯突出煤层组的无人工作面开采保护煤层的概念，以便释放其它高瓦斯煤层。有煤与瓦斯突出的沙曲煤矿正在开采作为保护煤层的3号煤，同时进行巷道、设备选型和开采方法的设计。最后，通过理论分析和数值模拟，设计出瓦斯抽放的方案，对工业试验的3号煤层提供了科学的依据和方法。关键词：科学采矿；煤层组；保护层；无人工作面；瓦斯抽放1 简介科学采矿是指在安全和环保的前提下最高效率的开采技术。中国的煤炭产量很大，先进的采矿设备必须适应现代矿山建设，此外，无人工作面也应用在一些困难的条件下，如薄煤层或煤与瓦斯突出煤层。虽然开采技术发展迅速，但是整体水平还是比较落后的。为了解决这个问题，改善现状及保持煤炭资源的可持续利用，作者提出了在煤与瓦斯突出矿井中无人工作面开采保护煤层。以释放其它被保护煤层的瓦斯，达到减少瓦斯浓度的目的，从而有一个安全的采矿工作环境。最后，达到安全、高效的绿色开采。2 开采高突出矿井保护层煤层组是中国高瓦斯采矿区域的特征之一，同时煤层的渗透率很低。因此，瓦斯是妨碍这类矿井安全和高效开采的主要因素。保护煤层开采已被广泛应用于中国这些高突矿井以解决这个问题。此外，在高突矿井开采煤层组条件下，这是防止区域瓦斯突出的最科学的方法。在有煤与瓦斯突出危险的矿井有一煤层组时，首先开采无突出煤层或基本无突出煤层，这类煤层叫做保护层。 保护层开采后，原岩应力被破坏。此外，随着顶板和底板的变形，应力将会重新分布。顶板被划分成垮落带，裂隙带，弯曲下沉带，底板会隆起和断裂。断裂包括层状节理和交叉裂纹，底板断裂发展的程度与各岩层之间的距离成反比。根据煤矿的具体地质条件，通过层与层之间的相对距离，瓦斯抽放的方法可以分为短距离，中等距离，长距离，它为煤层组瓦斯治理提供了理论依据。实践证明，开采保护层会使上部煤层瓦斯透气性增加10003000倍，同时会使下部煤层瓦斯透气性增加大约1000倍。这为瓦斯抽放提供了很好的条件。所以瓦斯透气性增强的效果可以通过各种钻孔或巷道布置，充分利用于提取瓦斯，不仅可以保证矿井安全生产，而且可以保证被高效提取的绿色瓦斯能源用于工业。具体方法如下：（1）地面抽采瓦斯。该方法成功地应用于美国，除此之外，淮南、淮北和铁法局也测试或应用过。尽管取得了一些成果，但是钻孔的稳定性不是很好，打破了以往在中国与美国间不同地区条件的服务年限和上覆岩层的运动的影响。（2）利用煤层中钻孔和巷道的布置提取瓦斯的方法广泛应用于解决瓦斯突出问题。3 无人工作面可行与应用型分析3.1可行性分析 现代无人工作面的提出以科学采矿和综合利用煤炭资源为原则。根据中国的具体情况，分析了无人工作面的可行性： 厚煤层和中厚煤层瓦斯涌出比薄煤层困难，所以薄煤层是保护层的第一选择。目前，尽管厚煤层和中厚煤层的自动机械化开采程度相对较高，但是在薄煤层却很低。炮采是薄煤层开采的主要方法，一方面，采出率低，局部的煤炭资源丢失严重，另一方面，工作面环境恶劣和劳动力强度大。考虑到这些不利因素，许多煤矿放弃开采薄煤层。这种行为不仅严重浪费了煤炭资源，而且缩短矿井的服务年限，同时，它也限制了煤与瓦斯突出矿井煤层群开采保护煤层的发展。所以在采矿领域的当务之急是发展高产高效矿井开采技术。 基于无人工作面系统模型，做了一些综合创新的现代技术，分析了各子系统的所需的技术，如自我定位和自动导航技术、自动剪机的垂直转向技术、电煤岩层间的自动识别技术、液压控制技术的支持，自动牵引技术的刮板输送机、双向通信技术在地下，高速基于组件的煤矿软件以及模型技术、数据库技术和传感器技术。这些技术相结合后，无人工作面技术能够较大地提高开采率和促进安全开采。 煤是中国最主要的能源，在中国煤炭行业的健康发展是与能源安全、经济的可持续发展相关的。煤炭是不可再生资源，煤炭使用年限是一定的。如果在现有的生产体系薄煤层可以被利用，可以增加工业储量和经济利润。 目前，瓦斯爆炸在中国各种各样的煤矿事故占有最高的比例。2008年发生182起煤矿事故，死亡人数778。所以防止瓦斯事故的责任重大。3.2应用基于科学采矿，结合在煤与瓦斯突出矿井煤层组的分析，提出了无人工作面开采保护层。煤层组的瓦斯释放后，可以通过合理的钻孔提取。这是一个双赢的方法，不仅可以解决瓦斯频繁的涌出，频繁的瓦斯事故与比例限制。而且可以解决开采难度很大和低开采率的问题。此外，绿色开采煤炭资源可以实现同步采出煤与瓦斯。4 无人工作面开采设计实例4.1实验矿区条件沙曲煤矿是煤与瓦斯突出矿井。瓦斯的绝对涌出量为344.43m/min，相对涌出量为61.8 m/min。属近距离煤层组开采，可采煤层为2，3，4，5号煤。如图1所示。图1 煤层柱状图煤矿安全规定第一百九十三条规定，当开采有煤与瓦斯突出的矿井煤层组时应首先开采保护层。第一百九十八条的规定，当开采保护层时必须释放解放层的瓦斯。因此，沙曲煤矿首先开采3号煤，释放2、3号煤的瓦斯，从而保证安全、高效开采。4.2工作面设计选取沙曲煤矿13301工作面作为实验点，该工作面设计成U型通风，符合减少巷道瓦斯的浓度的要求。为了抽出13301工作面的瓦斯，通过250高效率钻机分析了回风巷中斜密钻孔，如图2所示。图2 瓦斯抽放孔布置图钻机的钻孔孔径250mm，这在国内是非常罕见的。有利于抽出瓦斯的大钻孔可以极大地提高抽出率。工作面的长度150m，钻孔的长度140m，每6m安排一个钻孔，所有的钻孔都是相同的。开切眼与首钻孔之间的距离15m，最后一个钻孔放在停采线，总共有160个钻孔。沿顶板使用螺旋焊接钢管作为主要管道，沿底板使用UPVC作为分支管道，前者是DN820mm 12mm的大小，而后者则是D225mm 10毫米。连接的模型是法兰连接。该巷道形状为长方形，使用锚杆，金属网和W型钢带联合支护巷道。运输巷与回风巷道均为宽度4.5米，高度2.8米的巷道。4.3工作面设备选型采煤机的选型刨煤机全自动采矿系统是一种有效实现高产高效的方式。小深度的网络功能，快速推进的速度和适应能力强，使其成为在薄煤层开采的第一选择。为了实现高产，高效，自动化程度高，结合沙曲矿井的具体条件，选择TDB公司的GH9-34ve/4.7刨煤机。这种刨煤机额定功率是160/315kW，生产能力为900吨/小时，它可满足高生产，高效率的要求。液压支架的选型根据可靠的制度和优先采用国产设备的原则，结合国内液压支架，选择了德国PM4控制单元。具体类型是ZY4800/6.5/16.5D中等液压支架和ZZ5800/16/30液压支架。刮板输送机的选型采煤机与刮板输送机目前的比例为1.21.4:1。为了发挥的刮板输送机的能力，选择PF2.30/732刮板输送机。综采设备的能力应根据采煤机的能力。同时，也应考虑到速度匹配，连接匹配等原则。然后确定工作面主要设备见表1。表1 工作面主要设备型号设备名称型号采煤机GH9-34ve/4.7刮板输送机PF2.30/732中部液压支架ZY4800/6.5/16.5D端头液压支架ZZ5800/16/30转载机SZZ764/132破碎机PEm1000650带式输送机SSJ1200/m4.4开采技术借助组装后的自动控制采煤机和液压采煤机，可实现煤的自动切割，刮板输送机的自动前进和连接，同时，采用集中控制和顺序启停，实现自动控制，如图3所示。图3 工艺流程4.5瓦斯抽放设计4.5.1数值模拟采用数值模拟软件UDEC可以为瓦斯的抽出提供理论依据，以便更好的管理第一层煤与相近煤层的瓦斯突出。以13301工作面的停采部分作为模型，可以建立数学模型，走向长倾向长= 250 55米，3号煤的水平是450米，模型的左，右和下边界是位移边界。左，右的边界位移限制在x方向，下边界位移限制在y方向，如图4所示。图4 仿真模型该数值模拟模拟出开采影响的变化规律，顶板与底板裂隙带高度的变化规律及随着工作面的推进裂隙带的变化规律。结果如下：当推进距离为40m（如图5所示），基本顶开始跨落。冒落带高度约为6m，顶板附近基本是由张力破坏。在上覆岩层生成垂直裂缝和层间断裂，但断裂的高度约10m。从地表位移曲线可以看到，在采空区的地表有一些变形，切割孔的侧部周围最大压缩变形为7m，工作面前方周围的最大压缩变形为7m。在切割孔中间部分周围底臌变形最大为5m，采空区后方周围底臌变形最大为5m。最大变形为30mm。当推进距离为60m（如图6所示），上覆岩层和顶层由主应力和剪应力相互作用破坏，另外，垂直裂缝，层间断裂不断发展。随着工作面的推进，在采空区基本顶上方层间断裂成为主要的断裂。垂直裂缝的主要范围为离顶板和底板5m处。图6 开采进程和断裂围岩分布(1)推进距离为40m;(2)推进距离为60m4.5.2瓦斯抽放布置设计从理论分析和数值模拟可以得出，2号煤在3号煤的裂隙带，4号煤在3号煤的变形带。因此，在顶板的裂隙带和底板的变形带安排一些钻孔，可以在很大程度上抽放瓦斯。 在沿顶板或底板的某个角，可以人为地用由沙曲矿井提供的定向钻机DDR1200打钻孔。孔径为170mm，长度为1200m的钻探。选择13301工作面为试验区，选定的具体计划：打4个钻孔直到第四层煤，然后，在第四层煤打钻孔。这些钻孔可以抽放第四层煤的卸压瓦斯及第三与第四层煤之间的瓦斯。打4个钻孔到第二层煤上部，第二层煤和钻孔的垂直距离为3米，然后，沿第二层煤的平行方向打钻孔。因此，第二层煤可以得到解放。该钻孔剖面如图7所示。因此，煤层群都可以解放，也可以解决好瓦斯突出的问题。图7 13301剖面图5 结语在中国煤炭开采的问题上进行了研究，根据综采工作面的自动化条件，提出了无人工作面，这是一个实现煤炭工业可持续发展的重要途径。提出了在煤与瓦斯突出矿井的煤层群中无人工作面开采保护层的理念。不仅解决了在煤与瓦斯突出矿井的开采困难的问题，而且解决了在薄煤层中开采困难的问题。基于沙曲煤矿的具体条件，对3号煤进行了工作面设计，设备选型和采矿技术设计。根据理论分析和数值模拟，使3号煤作为保护层的可行性得到证实，它为安全，高效的煤炭开采提供了一个新的思路。附录BStudy On Mining The Protective Seam With The Manless Working Face In Coal And Gas Outburst MinesAbstract In order to solve the problems of backward equipments, low recovery, security issues, high mortality in the coal industry, the technology of manless working face in mine which combined the traditional mining process with the automatic technology is proposed based on the scientized mining, meanwhile, the idea of exploiting the protective seam in the coal seam group of the coal and gas outburst mines with manless working face technology is also proposed so as to liberate other high gas coal seams. Then, making the third coal seam in Shaqu coal mine which is a coal and gas outburst mine as the protective seam was being exploited and carried out the designs which included roadway, equipments selection and mining process. Finally, based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, the gas extraction arrangements is designed, which provides the scientific basis and method for industrial experiment of the third coal seam.Key words: scientized mining; coal seam group; protective seam; manless working face; gas extraction1. IntroductionThe scientized mining means mining the coal with the highest efficiency on the precondition of safety and environment friendly 1. Chinas coal output is very big, the advanced mining machines must be used in order to adapt to the construction of modern mine, furthermore, the manless working face should also be used in some difficult conditions such as thin coal seam or coal and gas outburst seam. Although the mining technology develops rapidly, the overall level is still relatively backward. In order to solve this problem, change the present situation and keep the sustainable development of coal resources 2, the author proposes that the protective seam is mined with the manless working face in the coal and gas outburst mines. Then other high-gas coal seams can be liberated and the gas concentration can also be decreased, so there will be a safe condition for mining. Finally, the safe and high efficient green mining will be achieved 3.2. Mining the protective seam in high outburst minesThe coal seam group is one character of the high gas mining area in china and the permeability of coal seam is very low 4. Therefore, gas is the primary factor which prevents this kind of mines from safety and high efficiency.The protective seam mining is widely used in these high outburst mines in China so as to solve this problem. In addition, this is the most scientific method to prevent the regional gas outburst under the condition of mining the coal seam group in high outburst mines 5, 6.When there is a coal seam group in the gas outburst mine, the no-outburst seam or little-outburst seam will be firstly exploited, and this kind of coal seam is called the protective seam. The original equilibrium state of stress will be broken after the protective seam is exploited. Besides, with the development of roof and floor, the strata stress will be redistributed. The roof strata can be divided into caving zone, fractured zone, and bending zone 7, the floor strata will generate floor heave and fractures 8. The fractures contain bedding joint and cross-fracture, the degree of the fracture development of the floor is in inverse proportion to the spacing of layers. The methods of gas extraction can be classified as short distance, medium distance and long distance through the relative spacing of layers which is based on the concrete geological conditions of the coal mines 9, which provides a theoretical guidance to the gas control of coal seamgroup. The practice of mining the protective seam shows that the gas permeability of the upper outburst-relieved seam increases 1000-3000 times, while that of the lower outburst-relieved seam increases about 1000 times. This provides a good chance for gas extraction. So the effect of the increased gas permeability should be fully utilized to extract the gas by arranging kinds of drillings or roadways which not only ensures the safety of mines but also guarantees the extracted green and efficient gas energy for industry. Then the simultaneous extraction of coal and gas can be realized. The concrete methods are as follows:(1) Extracting the gas by ground surface drilling. This method is applied successfully in America 10, besides,Huainan, Huaibei, and Tiefa mining bureaus also made some tests or applications 11. Although they have got some effect, the stability of the drillings are not very well so that they are broken before the expected life for the different geological conditions between China and America and the influence of the movement of the overlying strata.(2) Arranging some drillings and roadways in the coal seam or strata to extract the gas which is the main method widely used in solving the gas outburst problem.3. Analysis of the feasibility and application in manless working face3.1. Analysis of the feasibilityThe modern manless working face is proposed with the principle of scientized mining and comprehensive utilization of coal resources 12. Based on the concrete conditions of China, we analyze the feasibility of manless working face:The gas emission of the thick and medium-thickness coal seam is more thinner than coal seam, so the thin coal seam is the first choice as protective seam. At present, although the mining degree of chanization and automationin thick and medium-thickness coal seam is relatively high, but in thin coal seam is relatively backward. Blasting mining is the main method of mining the thin coal seam, on the one hand, the mining production rate is low and the partial coal resource is lost 13. On the other hand, the working environment is bad and the labor intensity is big.Considering these unfavorable factors, many coal mines give up exploiting the thin coal seams. This action not only wastes the coal resources seriously but also shortens the service life of the mines, meanwhile, it also restricts the development of the protective seam in the coal seam group of the coal and gas outburst mines. So the urgent affair in mining field is to develop the high yield and high efficiency mining technology.Based on the system model of the manless working face, we make some integrated innovations on the modern technology and analyze the needed technology of every subsystem such as self-positioning and automatic navigationtechnology of the shearer, automatic vertical steering technology of the shearer, automatic recognition technology between coal and strata, electro-hydraulic control technology of the hydraulic support, automatic traction technology of the scraper conveyor, two-way communication technology of high-speed in the underground, component based coalmine software as well as the model technology, database technology and multi-sensor technology.After being combined with these technologies, the manless working face technology can greatly improve the mining rate and promote the security.Coal is the main energy resource in China, the healthy development of the coal industry is related to the energy security and economic sustainable development of China. The coal is non-renewable resource and the service life of the mine is certain. If the thin coal seam can be exploited through the existing production system, the recoverable reserves will be increased, and then the economic benefit will also be increased.At present, gas explosion has the highest proportion in all kinds of the coal mine accidents in China. There were 182 coal mine accidents in 2008, the death toll was 778. So the preventing of gas accidents shoulders heavy responsibilities.3.2. ApplicationBased on the scientific mining, exploiting the protective seam with manless working face is proposed combined with these analyses in coal seam group of the coal and gas outburst mines. After the gas in the coal seam group is released, it can be extracted by the reasonable drillings. It is a win-win method, not only will the frequent gas overrun, frequent gas accidents and the limitation of scale be solved, but also the problems of great difficulty in mining and low mining rate. Furthermore, the green mining of coal resources can be realized by simultaneousextraction of coal and gas.4. Example of mining designs in manless working face4.1. Condition of text areaThe Shaqu coal mine of the HUAJIN coking-coal company is a coal and gas outburst mine. The absolute outflow of gas is 344.43 m/min and the relative outflow of gas is 61.8 m/t. It is a short distance coal seam group and the minable seams are the second, third, forth and fifth coal seam (Fig.1).Fig. 1. Columnar section of coal and strata seamThe article 193 of coal mine safety regulation prescribes that the protective seam should be exploited preferentially when mining the coal seam group in coal and gas outburst mine. The article 198 prescribes that the gas of liberated seams should be extracted when mining the protective seam 14. So the Shaqu coal mine constitutes the regional gas government which the third coal seam is mined to liberate the second and third coal seam in order to guarantee the safety and efficient mining.4.2. Design of the working faceThe 13301 working face of Shaqu coal mine is chosen as the experimental area where U-type ventilation is designed in line with reducing the amount of roadway as well as decreasing the gas concentration. In order to extract the gas of 13301 working face, the inclined dense drillings are bored in the return airway by the ADR 250 High-Efficiency drilling rig (Fig.2).Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of gas extracting drilling in 13301The aperture of the drilling rig is 250 mm and its very rare home and broad. The big aperture which is beneficial to extract the gas can greatly improve the extraction rate. The length of the working face is 150 m and the length of the drilling is 140 m, arranging the drilling every 6 m in the direction of tendency and all the drillings are parallel.The distance between open-off cut and the first drilling is 15 m and the last one is at the stopping line, so there are altogether 160 drillings. Using the spiral-welded steel pipe as the main pipe which is laid along the floor and UPVC as the branch pipe which is suspended from the roof, the size of the former is DN820mm12mm and the latter is D225mm10mm. The connection model is flange joint.The shape of the roadway is rectangle using the combined support of anchor, metal net and W-type steel band to support the roadway. Both the width of the conveyance roadway and return airway is 4.5 m, the height of the roadway is 2.8 m.4.3. Selection of the equipments in the working faceChoice of shearerFully automatic mining system of the plough is an effective way to realize high production and efficient 15. The features of little depth-web, fast advance speed and high adaptability make it the first choice in mining the thin coal seam. In order to realize the high production, high efficient and high automation, the GH9-34ve/4.7 plough of the DBT Company is selected combined with the concrete conditions in Shaqu coalmine. The rated power of this plough is 160/315 kW and the production capacity is 900 t/h. It can meet the requirement of high production and high efficient.Choice of hydraulic supportFollowing the principle of reliable system and the priority of domestic equipment, we select the Germany PM4 control unit combined with the domestic hydraulic support. The concrete type is ZY4800/6.5/16.5D of the middle hydraulic support and ZZ5800/16/30 of the terminal hydraulic support. Choice of scraper conveyorThe current proportion between the scraper conveyor and shearer is 1.21.4:1. In order to exert the capacity of the scraper conveyor, we select the PF2.30/732 scraper conveyor.The capacity of the fully mechanized mining equipments should be based on the capacity of the shearer.Meanwhile, the principles of the speed-matching, connection-matching, etc. should also be taken into consideration.Then the main equipments of the working face can be determined (Table 1).Table 1. Main equipments of the working faceEquipment nameTypePloughGH9-34ve/4.7scraper conveyorPF2.30/732Middle hydraulic supportZY4800/6.5/16.5DTerminal hydraulic supportZZ5800/16/30Transfer machineSZZ764/132CrusherPEm1000650Belt conveyorSSJ1200/m4.4. Mining technologyBy means of the combined auto-control shearer and hydraulic support, the automatic coal cutting, automaticadvancing support and the linkage of the scraper conveyor can be realized, meanwhile, using the centralized control and sequential start-stop to realize the automatic control (Fig.3).Fig. 3. Technological process4.5. Design of gas extraction4.5.1. Numerical simulationThe numerical simulation software UDEC is adopted to provide the theoretical basis for the gas extraction so that the gas outburst of the first mining seam and the contiguous seams can be governed well. Taking the strike sectionof the 13301 working face as field model, then, the numerical model can be built length of tendency length of inclination=25055 m, the elevation of the third coal seam is 450 m. The left hand, right hand and lower boundaries of the model are displacement boundary. The left and right boundaries constrain the displacement in x-direction and the lower boundary constrains the displacement in y-direction (Fig.4).Fig. 4. Simulation modelThe change law of the mining influence, height of fractured zone in the roof and floor and the change law of fractured zone with the advancing of working face are simulated in this numerical simulation. The results are as follows:When the advance distance is 40 m (Fig.5), basic roof begins to collapse. The height of the caving zone is about 6m and the strata near basic roof are destroyed by tension. The vertical fracture and interlayer fracture are generated in the overlying strata and the height of breaking though fracture is about 10 m. There is some deformation in floor of the goaf, which can be seen from the displacement curve of the floor that the maximum compression deformation is 7 m around the lateral of cutting hole and 7 m around the front of the working face. The maximum floor heave deformation is 5 m around the medial of the cutting hole and 5 m around the rear of the goaf. The maximum deformation is 30 mm. When the advance distance is 60 m (Fig.6), the overlying strata and floor strata are destroyed by the interaction of principal stress and shear stress, moreover, the vertical fracture and interlayer fracture develop constantly. With the advancement of the working face, interlayer fracture is the main fracture above the basic roof of the goaf. The main range of vertical fracture is 5 m away from the roof and floor.Fig. 5. Movement status and fracture distribution ofsurrounding rock (a) when the excavation distanceis 40 m; (b) when the excavation distance is 60 m4.5.2. Design of the gas extraction arrangementIt can be obtained from the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation that the second coal seam is in the fractured zone of the third coal seam and the forth coal seam is in the deformation zone of the third coal seam. So the gas can be largely extracted after arranging some drillings in the fractured zone of the roof and deformation zone of the floor.The DDR1200 directional drilling rig which introduced by the Shaqu coal mine can be controlled artificially to drill along the roof or floor at some angle. The aperture is 170 mm and the drilling length is 1200 m. The 13301 working face is selected as the experimental area and the concrete schemes are:Four drillings were born when they reached the forth coal seam, then, boring in the forth coal seam. These drillings c