托福独立写作开头段的写法.ppt

独立写作开头段的写法,Adrian,Structure,Main Idea,Reason I,Reason II,Conclusion,Requirement,OG: Score 5 An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following: Effectively address the topic and task. Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details. Displays unity, progression, and coherence. Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomatically, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.,How？,Effectively address the topic and task. 有效地阐明话题. Let people know what the topic is. Show your personal opinion on the topic. The details and examples to support your opinion.,Paragraph I,Paraphrase the argument 改述原题 Main Idea 发表自己的观点 Adverbial of Cause 用一个原因状语简短地提及论据,a. What the topic is,Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice. topic 一般就在题目中； 为体现句法的多样性和用词的准确性，不能照抄原题； 需要对原题进行恰当而准确地改述，即paraphrase. What is paraphrase？ A paraphrase of something written or spoken is the same thing expressed in a different way.柯林斯英汉双解大辞典,e.g,Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.,How to paraphrase the topic?,形式与内容的严格对应 词与词的替换；（synonym） 词类替换；（word-phrase） 词性替换 （noun-verb, adjective-noun） 2. 意义的对应,形式与内容的对应,词与词的替换（synonym） 133. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A persons childhood years (the time from birth to twelve years of age) are the most important years of a persons life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Brainstorming: a persons - ones, someones important - significant, momentous of a persons life - in ones lifetime Paraphrase: Ones childhood years are the most significant years in his lifetime.,词与词的替换（synonym）,9. Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. Brainstorming: prefer to do sth - would rather do sth live - reside, dwell small - little big city - metroplis Paraphase: Some people prefer to reside in a small town. Others would rather live in a metroplis.,词类替换,b) word-phrase 11. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should give the same amount of money to their students sports activities as they give to their university libraries. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Brainstorming: should do - be required to do, be supposed to do the same amount of money - the equivalent money Paraphase: Unversities are supposed to render the equivalent money to their students sports activities as they do to the university libraries.,词性替换,c) noun-verb, adjective-noun 35. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Attending a live performance (for example, a play, concert, or sporting event) is more enjoyable than watching the same event on television. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Brainstorming: attend sth - attendance in sth be more enjoyable - have/bring/produce more joy/delight/pleasure Paraphase: Attendance in a live performance brings more pleasure than watching the same one on televison.,意义的对应,9. Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. Paraphrase: Nowadays, people seldom agree with each other even in such trivial issues as preferance between living in a big city and a small town. 133. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A persons childhood years (the time from birth to twelve years of age) are the most important years of a persons life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Paraphrase: When looking back upon his lifetime, one may regard his childhood as the most significant period in his lifetime.,Sentence I,1. 在形式与内容对应的改述中，一般格式较为固定： Nowadays, people often consider/regard/hold that. Nowadays, people tend to/ would like to. In most cases, people argue/contend that. In modern society, there is a tendency/phenomenon/ controversy that. Nowadays, some people., while others. 2. 在只有意义对应的改述中，格式较为自由、开放，可以展示更多的语法可能性与表达的多样性。,Examples,Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Sentence I： Nowadays, people often consider that only the ones who earn a large amount of money are successful. Nowadays, people would like to hold the view that only those who earn much material wealth can be viewed as the successful ones. Nowadays, many people believe that a large income equals success. Practice: 175. Some students like classes where teachers lecture (do all of the talking) in class. Other students prefer classes where the students do some of the talking. Which type of class do you prefer? Give specific reasons and details to support your choice.,b. Show your personal opinion,要求：观点鲜明，简明扼要。 Sentence II 常用句型： 前半句： As far as I am concerned/ In my point of view/ As for me/ For my part/ In terms of me/ Personally speaking, 后半句： I would say/ assert that I tend to agree/ disagree that There is something certain/ wrong to say/ consider that It is no doubt that 完整的句子： It seems to me that ,Examples,27. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Sentence II： In my opinion, there really is something wrong, nevertheless, to think we could be finally successful by only doing things that we do enjoy doing. As far as I am concerned, it is no doubt that in some cases, people should do what they in fact do not enjoying doing in order to be successful. For my part, I tend to agree that under some circumstances people ought to do what they are not glad to do. Practice: 175. Some students like classes where teachers lecture (do all of the talking) in class. Other students prefer classes where the students do some of the talking. Which type of class do you prefer? Give specific reasons and details to support your choice.,C. Support your opinion,对接下来中间段要展开的两至三个分论点用一个原因状语从句或名词短语简要地提及 一般接在 Sentence II 后作状语, 不另成句。 Why？ 使作者清楚文章的框架，便于预期和理解 加深读者对文章内容的记忆 限制思维的广度，使作者能深入思考理由和例证 显示语言变化能力 增加文章字数,常用句型,名词短语： , because of/ due to/ on account of/ in view of/ in regard to/ in terms of/ considering/ given/ for 原因状语从句： , given that/ considering (the fact that)/ for/ since/ seeing that/ now that/ as/ in view of the fact that/ in that/ for the reason that,Sample,Sample I Nowadays, people often consider that As far as I am concerned, I would say that., because of Sample II Nowadays, people tend to For my part, I tend to agree/ disagree that, for the reason that,Example,话题：电视已经成为书本更有效的学习方式 观点：完全同意 理由1：电视画面和声音结合