大学英语四级作文写作技巧.doc

此次四级的作文题目，可能会比较出乎考生的意外，因为考查的是一个非常具体而又细微的话题。但是，纵观历年四级考试试题，这似乎又不是很意外，因为它沿袭了四级考试青睐校园生活的规律。此次话题关于spelling(拼写)，显然是学生日常学习生活中熟悉的不能再熟悉的话题，再看历次考试，从05年以来的十次考试中，考查校园生活的就高达7次;从题材上来看，此次题目应该属议论文范畴，也是四级最常考的体裁;从命题类型来看，该题目属于“问题解决型”，与08年12月的“限制塑料袋使用”属同一类型。不同的作文题型中，对列提纲的要求也有所不同。在四六级作文考试中，常见的是给出题目和提纲题型，因此只需自己能正确有效地去利用已经给出的中文提纲。对提纲材料进行加工、补充、扩展。各段落的展开要根据提纲的来龙去脉进行。尤其要注意确定重点，选准扩充点，将较抽象的内容具体化，阐述透彻。下面以Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling这篇提纲式作文为例，具体分析该提纲内容是怎样发展、深化的。(2010年6月四级真题)Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic .You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below：作文：1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写2.出现这种情况的原因3.这种现象导致的结果根据提纲要求，可以进行如下构思：第一段应展现如今青少年学生不重视英语学习中拼写的现象。第二段应重点解释导致如今青少年学生不重视英语学习中拼写现象的原因，这些原因主要有：电子产品的普及，如电子词典、电脑等，导致人们越来越不重视书写练习和规范。第三段是本文的重点。阐述如何解决不重视拼写问题时，切忌只简单地写出“We should take measures to solve the problem”这样空洞的、表态性的句子，而不提出具体的解决方法。只有提出具体的解决方法，才能使文章显得充实，有说服力。根据上面的构思，可以列出下列提纲：Topic：Due Attention Should Be Given to SpellingOutline：I. fewer and fewer students pay attention to their word-spelling1. can only imitate the pronunciation of a word but be incapable of spelling itII.There are some causes for it1. fewer and fewer students need to write English essays2. the goal of most students to learn English is to speak it and pass the examination3. the wide use of electronic devices such as e-dictionaries and computersIII.Measures should be taken to solve the problem.1. we need to attach great importance to word-spelling.2. should write English as much as they can3. the dictations should be reinforced in the class.或许有人会先给出一个更细的中文提纲，然后考虑如何将其转化为英文提纲，或者边写边考虑如何用英文表达细化了的中文提纲的内容。这样势必占用不少时间，会降低写作的速度。因此，建议考生构思列提纲时，最好直接用英语列出更细的提纲。这样既可以节约不少宝贵的时间，又可以提高写作的速度。提笔写作拟好了提纲之后，就进入写作阶段。这是一个遣词造句，连句成篇，将不同信息组合排列的过程。写作过程中得到的是些杂乱无序的字、词、句，需要通过一些过渡手段将其连接成完整的文章。对构思素材的取舍增补，框架结构的调整，段落、语句顺序的排列，并兼顾各种语法现象。在初稿的写作过程中，一定要注意以所拟定的提纲为指导，注意语言表达的正确性和流畅性。修改润色写出来的初稿往往在语法、用词乃至文章的结构上都会有这样那样的问题，需要做一些修改：1. 应该做语篇结构上的检查。这主要是检查文章的主题是否明确，篇章层次是否明显，段落衔接是否连贯，内容是否切题等。2. 具体检查每个段落。这一步主要检查段落是否完善，中心是否突出，段内各句是否衔接紧凑等。3. 作语法上的检查，包括用词是否恰当，标点是否正确，句子结构是否完整，语句是否通顺等。高分作文秘诀一、临场应试技巧1. 字迹。可以不漂亮，但是必须工整。2. 字数。150字最佳。四级要求至少写120字，但是只写120字，每段平均只有40字，显得太少。有的同学写200甚至300字，又太繁琐。3. 段落分布。一般写三段，而不要写成两段或者四段。另外，第一段大概写23句(如果每句话所含字数少的话，可以写4句，这个根据具体情况来定，后面段落同理);第二段写5句左右;第三段如果有重点内容则同样写45句，如果是总结性段落，写3句即可。4. 动手写个提纲，把主题句写出即可，理清自己的思路。第一段要写好，尤其是第一句话，一定不能出现语法错误。尽量使用事先准备好的套话，并学会随机应变，针对不同的题目要求来替换。5. 留出23分钟检查。有没有错词或病句;标点符号是否齐全、准确;每一句话是否符合英语的思维习惯，避免语法错误。另外，修改时要注意卷面整洁。(一)结构清晰1.篇章组织文章是由三个主要部分组成的：开头、扩展部分、结尾。常用的文章发展方法有：列举法、举例法、因果法、比较对照法、分类法、定义法、时间顺序法和空间顺序法。(1)列举法列举法是指将数种因素一一列出,如原因、症状、优点、缺点、变化、特点等。常用于列举法的过渡连词有： to begin with, secondly, besides, lastly. for one thing, for another, finally. first, second, third, moreover.(2)举例法举例法是通过典型事例对主题进行说明。一般说来，所举的例子要具体，有说服力，有助于说明主题句中的支配思想。常用于举例的词语有：to illustrate, an illustration/an example, for example/for instance, particularly/in particular, such as, like等。注意列举法和举例法的区别：列举法侧重一一罗列事实，所列事实力求全面。举例法则是通过典型事例解释作者的观点，事例可多可少。(3)因果关系法人们在思维活动中,常常由原因推导其结果,或由结果分析其原因,写作中的因果法就是这种思维方式的体现。通常因果法有以下两种模式：原因分析型：在主题句中先介绍某一事实或结果,然后对这一事实或结果的原因进行分析。结果分析型：在主题句中先点明要讨论的事件或事实,然后分析已经或将要发生的结果。表示结果的常用词和短语有 therefore, as a result, accordingly, consequently, contribute to, for this reason, lead to, result in 等。表示原因的常用词和短语有 due to, because of, owing to, because, since, as, on account of, result from 等。用原因结果分析写作的句式通常有： 基本原因，分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因。例如：Why? For one thingFor anotherThe answer to this problem involves many factors.For one thingFor anotherStill anotherA number of factors, both physical and psychological affect/both individual and social contribute toThe reasons for this are as followsWe have good reason to believe that 另一原因， 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要的。例如：Another important factor isis also responsible for the change/problem.Certainly, theis not the sole reason for 后果影响，分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响。例如：It will produce a profound/farreaching effect/impact onIt involves some serious consequence for(4)比较、对照法比较、对照法是通过比较两个事物或一个事物的两个方面的相似点或不同点来支持主题句。比较是阐述所比对象的相同、类似方面;而对照则是阐述其不同甚至相反之处。比较、对照的写作方法通常有以下两个模式： 先阐述甲方,再阐述乙方,即：甲1,甲2,甲3乙1,乙2,乙3 两方同时阐述,逐条比较,即：甲1,乙1;甲2,乙2;甲3,乙3; 常用来表达比较和对照的词语有： 比较相同点时常用的词语：like, same, in the same way, similar to, similarly, bothand, alike, neithernor, in common 等。 对照不同点时常用的词语：unlike, be different from, differ from, on the other hand, in contrast, while, instead, whereas 等。比较、对照的写作句式通常有： 两者比较, 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个, 或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其缺点。例如：The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.Indeed, A carries much more weight when compared with B.There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects.Compared with A, B 两者相同/相似，比较两事物都有或者都没有的特点。例如：A and B have several things in common.They are similar in thatA bears some striking resemblance(s)to B.(5)分类法分类法是按一定标准对事物进行归类的一种段落发展方法。通过分类,使文章脉络一目了然。用分类法写作时,常用的词语有： to divideinto, to classifyinto, to fall into, to distinguish 等; kinds, types, sorts, groups, categories 等; according to, in terms of, depending on, on the basis of 等; to subclassify, to subcategorize, to subdivide 等。(6)定义法借助已知的词语和知识,对某个抽象概念、专门术语或容易引起误解的事物进行解释,阐明其性质和特征,这种发展段落的方法叫定义法。定义法一般只用于说明文,有时也用于议论文。定义法发展段落的基本模式是：定义+扩展部分。扩展部分展开叙述有关方面的内容,如被定义物的来历、性质、结构、特征、原理和用途等。(7)时间顺序法按事情发生的时间先后为线索发展段落叫做时间顺序法。这种方法主要用于记叙文中叙述一件事情的经过,动词常用过去时;或用于说明文中叙述做一件事应该遵循的程序或步骤,动词常用被动态。时间顺序法中常用的词语有： at the beginning, after that, then, finally first, then, next, until, in the end at first, later, after a while, afterwards, at that time, eventually(8)空间顺序法这种方法主要用于描述一个场所或空间,以及其中细节的位置关系。用空间法写作时,首先要确定一个参照点。此外,恰当运用承接词也是写好这类段落的关键。通常可参照下面四种方法：1)从上到下;2)从左到右;3)从远到近;4)顺时针。表示空间的常用词语有：above, across, against, below, under, close to, next to, between, nearby, on the right(left), in the middle of, on the top of, opposite, to the west(east)等。2.段落组织段落大多由三个部分构成，尤其是说明文和议论文的段落：主题句、扩展句和结尾句。(1)主题句主题句一般位于段首，是一个完整的句子，用以概括、叙述和说明该段的主题。有的也可置于段尾或段中，但最好放在段首。 主题句要有可写性，既不要太空泛也不要过于局限，否则扩展句将无法说明它或没有展开讨论的余地。空泛：The Olympic Games are exciting.概括：In the Olympic Games the football teams from many countries compete intensely. 尽量使用简洁明了的句子，做到句子完整并且表达的主题思想完整。复杂：She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby.简洁：Collecting stamps is her hobby. 好的主题句经常使用关键词或词组来限制主题所要表达的观点。Topic：Air TravelTopic sentence：Air travel is more convenient than train for at least three reasons.(作者在“aspect(方面)”和“reason(原因)”两方面限制他的主题。) 根据不同的主题,主题句可以有多种形式。A.直接说明某事物的作用或优点。Topic：Solar EnergyTopic sentence：Solar energy can contribute to our future energy supply.B.指出人们对某事物的不同观点。Topic：HappinessTopic sentence：It differs from person to person as to the view of happiness.(2)扩展句扩展句或称推展句、支持句，是用来发展、证明或支持段落主题思想的句子。扩展句可分为两种：主要扩展句和次要扩展句。扩展句可位于段首主题句之后或段尾主题句之前。主要扩(推)展句主要扩(推)展句的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个扩展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。：(主题句)There are several factors affecting climate.(扩展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received.(扩展句2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate.(扩展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land.(扩展句4)In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.主题句指出影响气候的几个因素。然后用四个扩展句说明四种因素。第一种是太阳光的接收量，第二种是海拔高度，第三句和第四句分别是海洋和大气环流因素。次要扩展句次要扩(推)展句是指对主要扩展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个扩展句。：(主题句)I dont teach because teaching is not easy for me.(主要扩展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living：mechanic, carpenter, writer.(主要扩展句2)For me, teaching is a redeye, sweatypalm, sinkingstomach profession.(次要扩展句1)Redeye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing.(次要扩展句2)Sweatypalm, because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am.(次要扩展句3)Sinkingstomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.从属于主要扩展句2的三个次要扩展句起着解释说明作用，分别解释redeye, sweatypalm, sinkingstomach的含义，这就更加形象生动地证明了 “teaching is not easy” 这个主题。主要扩展句与次要扩展句的关系：A.每个主要扩展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接、明确的说明。B.每个次要扩展句都应该说明它的主要扩展句。C.含有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要有主要扩展素材，又要有次要扩展素材。写好扩展句的方法：主题句及关键词确定后，开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材。有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前加以设问，然后解答，即设问解答(whybecause)的方法。下面我们通过举例来看一看这种分类过程是如何完成的。例如：假设：Topic sentence：English is an international language?设问：Why can we say English is an international language?解答：Because：English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world.Because：Over 70 percent of the worlds mails are written in English.Because：More than 60 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English.Because：Pakistan was once one of the British colonies.Because：Many members of the International Language Society are selected from Englishspoken countries.从上面可以看出，最初的三个扩展句是和关键词an international language一致的。第四句和主题句不统一，尽管第四句会成为另一主题句(Many Pakistanis speak English)很好的扩展句。第五句说服力不强。当然，在写成段落时，没有必要在每个句子开头写上 “because”，但是，在动笔展开句子时，头脑里要想着这个词，这种检验方法能帮助你把注意力集中在某个重心，围绕主题思想层层展开。上面我们讨论了主要扩展句的一种展开方法。而展开次要扩展句的方法与主要扩展句类似，这里我们就不再复述了。(3)结尾句结尾句是用来对全段内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性观点的句子。顾名思义，结尾句只能位于段尾，起重复段落主题和强调段落中心思想的作用。结尾句的写作方法可参见“(三)出现亮点”。Nowadays many people prefer (_)because it plays a significant role in our daily life.Generally speaking,its advantages can be seen as follows.On one hand,(_).One the other hand,(_).But every sword has two blades.The negative aspects are also aparent.One of the prominent disadvantages is that (_).To make matters worse,(_).Through the above analysis,I believe that The Positive aspects far outweighs its negative aspects.Whatever effects it has,one thing is certain,(_) itself is neither good nor bad.It is the uses which is put on it that determines its value to our society.Some,others and IThere is no consensus among people as to the view of (_).The opinions vary from person to person. Some people hold the idea that (_).A case in point is that (_).On the other hand, other may have a quite different view. According to them,(_).The most typical example is that (_).Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments,I am inclined to agree with the latter. Admittedly, the former point of view seems reasonable in saying to some extend,but (_) is more convincing.My viewWhen asked about (_),some people hold the idea that (_).As far as they are concerned,(_).But I could not agree with them in several points.In my opinion,(_).The reason for my choice are listed as follows.First of all,(_).In addition,(_).Last but not the least,(_).For the reasons mentioned above,I firmly believe (_).Hot issueWith the development of the society,with the advent of (_).we have to face a problem that (_).What are the reasons for it?To start with,(_).Moreover,(_).Furthermore,(_).In view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures should be taken. For one thing, it is hight time that people all over China realized the importance of (_);for another,the government should issue laws and regulations to put the situation under control.英语四级考试作文通用经典句型一）比较1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.3.A may be preferable to B， but A suffers from the disadvantages that.。.4.It is reasonable to maintain that 。.but it would be foolish to claim that.。.5.For all the disadvantages， it has its compensating advantages.6.Like anything else， it has its faults.7.A and B has several points in common.8.A bears some resemblances to B.9.However， the s me is not applicable to B.10. A and B differ in several ways.11. Evidently， it has both negative and positive effects.12. People used to think 。.， but things are different now.13. The same is true of B.14. Wonderingas A nbspis ，it has its drawbacks.15. It is true that A 。. ， but the chief faults （obvious defects ）are 。.二）原因1. A number of factors are accountable for this situation.A number of factors might contribute to （lead to ）（account bspfor ） the phenomenon（problem）。2.The answer to this problem involves many factors.3.The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that.。.4. The factors that contribute to this situation include.。.5. The change in 。.largely results from the factn spthat.。.6. We mayblame 。.，but the real causes are.。.7. Part of the explanations for it is that 。.One of the most common factors （causes ） is that 。.Another contributing factor （cause ） is 。.Perhaps the primary actor is that But the fundamental cause is that 。.三） 后果1. It may give rise to a host of problems.2. The immediate result it produces is 。.3. It will exercise a profound influence upon.。.4. Its consequence cannb pbe so great that.。四）批驳1）It is true that 。.， but one vital point is being left out.2） There is a grain of truth in these statements， but they ignore a more important fact.3） Some people say 。.， but it does not h ld water.4） Many of us have been under the illusion that.。.5） A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.6） It makes no sense to argue for 。.7） Too much stress placed on 。. may lead to 。.8） Suc a statement mainly rests on the assumption that 。.9） Contrary to what is widely accepted， I maintain that 。.五）举例1） A good case in point is 。.2） As an illustration， we may take 。.3） Such examples might be given easily.4） 。.is often cited as an example.六）证明1