名词性从句详解.doc

第三章 名词性从句重点知识回顾同学们，我们现在来看看名词性从句。在我们讲解这个语法项目之前，我先请你想一想，这个“名词性从句”是个名词呢？ 还是个句子？对了，是个句子。是个具有了名词性质的句子。那么你再想想，名词都能做什么句子成分呢？对了。名词能做：主语，表语，宾语，定语，补足语，同位语。在谈名词性从句之前,我们先来复习一下名词所充当的句子成分1. Some _(女人) working in the field. （主语）2. No help _ found, though they tried to. （主语）3. China and India _ developing countries. （主语）4. The project need more workers5. The woman over there is a foreigner参考答案：1. women are 2. was 3. are 4 句中划线的名词在句中做宾语 5句中划线名词在句中做表语名词性从句的概念复习了名词之后，我们该来看看名词性从句了。名词性从句的概念是什么呢？名词性从句相当于名词，在主从复合句中，可以做主句的主语，表语，宾语，同位语等。在大多数情况下，这些句子成分是由名词来充当的，所以,承担起这些作用的从句被称为名词性从句。也就是说，名词性从句包括：主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句.我们在初中阶段所接触到的名词性从句主要是宾语从句。下面我们简要复习一下宾语从句的有关内容。一、宾语从句的定义宾语从句是指在复合句中作及物动词的宾语的从句，也可以作某些形容词或介词的宾语。二、 宾语从句的用法We can learn what we didnt know. 我们学习不知道的东西。 Do you know whom they are waiting for? 你知道他们在等谁吗? I wonder whether(if) daughters are valued as much as son. 我不知道是否女儿会像男孩一样受重视. I will give the present to whoever finishes the work first. 我要把这个礼物送给最先完成工作的人。 The Bachs hold what they call “family day” once a month. 巴赫一家每月举办一次他们所谓的“家庭日”。 如果主句谓语动词是make, find, see, hear等,通常把把宾语从句至于宾补之后，用it做形式宾语,从而构成：主语+谓语+形式宾语it +宾语补足语+真正的宾语,如:We find it necessary that we practise spoken-English. 我们发现练习英语口语是必要的.另外，某些做表语的形容词(sure, happy, glad, certain)之后也带宾语从句,如:Its certain that our life will become better and better. 我们的生活肯定会变得越来越好.Im sure that you will succeed in the end. 我敢保证你最终会成功的. 还有，如果主句谓语是think, suppose, imagine, believe等，宾语从句中的否定意义通常在主句中表达，也就是not 提前，语法上称为“否定转移”。例如： I dont think you are right. 我认为你不对。知识过渡精讲 除去初中所学的宾语从句之外，还有其他三类名词性从句，即主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。下面我们重点讲解一下这三种从句的用法。一名词性从句的关联词主要有三类：主从连词：that（无词义，不做成分）, if (是否，只能引导宾语从句) whether（是否）；连接代词：who (谁)，whom（谁）， whose（谁的），what（什么），which（哪一个、哪一些）；连接副词：when (什么时候)，where（什么地方）， why（为什么）， how（怎样）。二. 分类讲解1. 主语从句（1）定义主语从句是指在复合句中作主句的主语的从句。 （2）用法Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是不是来还是个问题。What we need is more time. 我们所需要的是更多的时间。 Who will go makes no difference. 谁去没什么不同。 Which team will win the game is still unknown. 哪支队伍将赢得比赛还不知道。 When they will start is being discussed now. 他们将什么时候开始正在被讨论。 Where she has gone has been found out. 她去了哪里已经被发现。如果主语从句较长,为了避免 “头重脚轻”,我们通常的做法是用it做形式主语,而将结构较长的从句后置,如: It is strange that you should like him. 你居然喜欢他,这有点奇怪. It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth. 众所周知，月亮围绕地球转。 Its a shame that you cant come to the party. 真遗憾你不能来参加晚会。2. 表语从句（1）定义表语从句是指在复合句中作主句的表语的从句，位于主句的系动词之后。表语从句和主语指同一内容，它对主语进行解释、说明，使主语的内容具体化。（2）用法The question is who can solve the problem. 问题是谁能够解决这个麻烦. He looks as if he is going to cry.(表示真实情况,不用虚拟语气) 他看起来要哭了. She looks as if she were going to die. 她看起来要死了.(其实不是这种情况,所以使用虚拟语气) What I want to say is that we should obey the rules. 我要说的是我们应该遵守规定. The reason for her being late this morning is that she didnt catch the early bus. 他今天上午迟到的原因是他没有赶上早班车. The problem is how we can finish so much work within such a short time. 问题是我们如何能在如此短的时间内完成这么多工作. The village is not what it used to be . 这个村庄已经不再是过去的样子了.3. 同位语从句（1）定义位于名词或代词后，进一步说明该名词的内容，经常后面接同位语从句的名词主要有：fact, news, promise, idea, truth, suggestion, order, wish，belief, hope, thought, word等。连接词用 that（不用which），及连接副词 how, when, where, why等（2）用法His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.他的延误是由于汽车中途坏了这个事实.The news that our team has won the game is true.我们队赢得了比赛的消息是真的. There is no doubt that you will be warmly welcomed at the evening party. 毫无疑问，你们在晚会上会受到热烈的欢迎. I have no idea when I will be back from Beijing.我不知道什么时候从北京回来。I have no idea what is actually going on in the classroom. 我不知道教室里实际上在干什么？ 同位语从句不同于定语从句，定语从句是对前面的名词或代词进行修饰、限制，表明是什么人、什么事；同位语从句则是对前面的词加以补充、说明。例如： The news that he told me is very disappointing. 他告诉我的那个消息非常令人失望。（定语从句，表明消息是他告诉我的，不是别人，因为引导定语从句并在从句中作宾语，所以that可以省略） The news that our women football team won the game is very encouraging. 我们女足赢了比赛的消息实在令人鼓舞。（同位语从句，解释、说明消息的具体内容，因为引导同位语从句，that虽然没意思也不作成分，但不可以省略）本讲问题小结我们已经了解了名词性从句的概念，类型和基本用法。现在我们来进行一下总结。一、我们在选择名词性从句的关联词时应注意以下几个步骤：1、首先要看从句的句子成分是否完整，如果缺主语，表语或宾语，要选用 what，如果所缺的是人时用 who 或 whom，例如： _ he said was true. 这个复合句中，含有一个主语从句，其中，said是及物动词，可是其后没有宾语，这就叫句子成分不完整，那么就应用 what来引导此句. I dont know _ they are talking about. 这个主从复合句中，含有一个宾语从句，从句中，talk about没有宾语，所以句子成分不完整，因此用what引导，如： They are trying to find out who stole the car. 他们正努力查找谁偷了汽车.2、当从句不缺少句子成分的补充，但意思上并不完整时，要选用适当的疑问代词或疑问副词如： I wonder when he will come back. 我不知道他何时回来. They are discussing how they can get to the top of the hill. 他们正在讨论怎样才能到达山顶. We really dont know why he was late again. 我确实不知道他问什么又晚了.3、当从句既不缺成分也不缺意思时，用 that 引导，如：Im sure that he will succeed.我确信他会成功的。That he will marry Mary was announced.他将娶玛丽已经公布了。二、除了上述的关联词以外，我们还会用到下列whatever, whoever, whenever, however, whomever, wherever等，这些词既可以引导让步状语从句，也可以引导名词性从句。如：Whatever you saw at the spot is very important. （主语从句） 你在那个地点所看到的都是很重要的。Whatever you say, Ill not believe you. （状语从句）不管你说出什么，我都不会相信你的。 Whenever he comes is suitable for me. （主语从句）他什么时间来对我来说都合适。Whenever you see him, tell him the news. （状语从句）无论你什么时候见到他，把这个消息告诉他。那么我们来区别一下 what 与whatever所引导的名词性从句, 如： I dont know what he did while he was in her garden, but I know her garden was destroyed. 我不知道他在花园里做了什么，但我知道花园被毁坏了。 I know whatever he did is for you. 我知道他无论做了什么都是为了你。 第一句中，说话人对“他”所做的事持疑问态度，想知道他究竟做了什么第二句话中，说话人对“他”所做的事持信任态度，即“不管他做了什么，我根本不用知道细节，肯定是为你好”三、只能用whether不能用if的情况：1、除宾语从句以外的名词性从句，如主语从句、表语从句，同位语从句等。2、在介词之后（介词往往可以省略） It all depend (on) whether they will support us. 完全取决于他们是否支持我们。3、后面紧跟or not时 We didnt know whether or not she was ready. 我们不知道她是否准备好了。4、用if会引起歧义时 Please let me know if you like it. 如果你喜欢请让我知道。5、在宾语从句或“be+形容词”之后 用两者皆可。 I wonder whether(if) the news is true. 我不知道消息是否真实。 He was not sure whether(if) it was right or wrong. 他不敢保证是不是正确。6、只能用whether, if不能用that的情况。 I doubt whether he will come or not. 我怀疑他是否会来。I dont doubt that he will succeed. 我不怀疑他会成功的 四、that 的使用应引起我们足够的重视，引导名词性从句时，that 不做任何成分，没有任何意思。但除了在宾语从句中经常省略外，其余情况下一般都不能省略，如： That the earth moves round the sun is well known to all of us. 月球环绕地球转动，这是我们大家都熟悉的。 We know (that)a parrot cant really speak. 我们知道鹦鹉并不能真正说话。 One idea is that fish is the best brain food. 有一种看法认为鱼是最好的不脑食品。 The news that Chinas first manned space mission achieved a complete success excites us all. 中国首次载人航天飞行获得圆满成功的消息让我们都很兴奋。 注意：同学们已经清楚了that 在名词性从句中，不做成分，没有意思。除引导宾语从句时经常被省略外，一般不能被省略。可是，与之不同的是that在引导定语从句时是必须要做成分的，经常充当宾语、主语、状语、表语。当其在从句中充当宾语时，在非正式英语中，经常可以省略。五、请同学们注意，名词性从句一般使用陈述语序，这是我们对此类从句考查的重点内容，例如：He wants to tell us what he thinks. 我想告诉我们他所想的事情。 That is what we differ. 这就是我们的不同。 但是这里有两个例外，即whats wrong, whats the matter.永远用疑问语序，例如： I dont know whats wrong with the washing machine. 我不知道洗衣机哪坏了。 What I want to know is whats the matter with you. 我想知道的是你怎么了。过渡阶越练习巩固基础训练关于名词性从句的知识我们已经掌握了，下面我们来试试使用。一、根据所给的汉语，把两句话合并成一个主从复合句1. I dont know. They have come.（我不知道他们已经来了这件事）2. I dont know. Have they come?（我不知道他们来了没有）3. The man asked. Who had a strange dream.（那个男人问谁做了个怪梦）4. The policeman wasnt sure. Where was the thief?（警察不知道小偷在哪里）5. He did something. It made us angry.（他所做的事令我们气愤）答案与解析：1. I dont know that they have come.2. I dont know whether/if they have come.3. The man asked who had a strange dream.4. The policeman wasnt sure where the thief was.5. What he did made us angry.二，根据所给汉语意思，补全下列句子1. He told his boss _(他将离开他的工作岗位)2. _(他所说的话) caused great horror.3. My suggestion is_(我们先问问他)4. I have heard of his suggestion_(他们不带那个老人一起去)5. They found out the fact_(这座山上的树木已经被毁坏了)答案：1. that he would leave his job.2. What he said3. that we should ask them first4. that they should go without the old man5. that the trees on the hill had been destroyed能力拓展训练1. _he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter2. _is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It3. _we cant get seems better than_ we have. A. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what4. _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where5. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _he or she wants. A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever6. All the people rushed out to see_ A. what was the matter B. what the matter was C. how the matter was D. what the matter is7. _I cant understand is_ she must go there A