《康德的道德理论》PPT课件.ppt

KantsMoralTheory康德的道德理论,Acase,The“learningexperiment”:,Acase,支持者：它是正当的Supporters:Itwasjustifiable因为受试者没有被强迫参加试验，而是自愿的becausetheirsubjectshadnotbeencoercedbuthadvolunteeredand从试验中得到了有用的信息becauseusefulinformationhadbeengainedfromtheexperiment.反对者：Critics:1.Thevolunteerswerenotinformed志愿者不知情2.Theyhadbeenusedbytheresearchersforanexperimentforwhichtheyhadnotconsented.他们在没有同意的情形下被研究者利用,历史背景Historicalbackground:ImmanuelKant什么使行为具有道德价值Whatgivesanactmoralworth?绝对命令Thecategoricalimperative对康德道德理论的评价EvaluatingKantsmoraltheory完全和不完全义务Perfectandimperfectduties康德道德理论的变体VariationsonKantianmoraltheory,Historicalbackground:ImmanuelKant,我能知道什么WhatcanIknow?anewCopernicanrevolution我应该做什么WhatoughtIdo?moralphilosophy道德形而上学基础Fundamentalprinciples(orfoundations)ofthemetaphysicsofmorals(1785)实践理性批判Critiqueofpracticalreason(1788),什么使一个行为具有道德价值Whatgivesanactmoralworth?,反对后果主义Objecttoconsequentialist:1.我们并不总是能够控制我们行为的后果，事情并不总是如我们所愿地发生发展Theconsequencesofouractsarenotalwaysinourcontrolandthingsdonotalwaysturnoutaswewant.2.将道德作为产生某种事态（情形），例如快乐的经验，的手段，是本末倒置。似乎幸福是目的，道德是工具，人是手段。事实上，人是目的，人具有最高的内在的价值。Tomakemoralityamatterofproducingcertainstatesofaffairs,suchashappyexperience,putsmattersbackward.,Whatgivesanactmoralworth?,1.人不是工具Peopleoughtnottobeused,butoughttoberegardedashavingthehighestintrinsicvalue.(itiscentraltoKantsethics)2.行为的动机Motivetodowhatisright.(whatgivesanactmoralworth),Whatistherightmotive?,善良意志“goodwill”:onlysuchawillisgoodunconditionally.Everythingelseneedsagoodwilltomakeitgood.行动出于义务Toact“outofduty”,outofaconcernandrespectforthemorallaw.,Whatistherightmotive?,Toexplainhisviewsontheimportanceofarightmotive（动机）orintention（意图）,Kantprovidestheexampleofashopkeeperwhodoestherightthing,whochargesthecustomersafairpriceandchargesthesametoall.Butwhatishermotive?Kantdiscussesthreepossiblemotives:,自利天性义务,Whatistherightthingtodo?,Motiveactconsequences动机行为后果,Whatistherightthingtodo?,行为不错的标准：1.出于义务“outofduty”(havetherightmotive)2.按照义务“accordingtoduty”(dowhatisright),Whatistherightthingtodo?,假言命令Hypotheticalimperative(if(orbecause)IwantX,thenIoughttodoY.)绝对命令（定言命令）Categoricalimperative(moralobligation:unconditionalornecessary),Thecategoricalimperative,第一种表述方式Thefirstform:actonlyonthemaximthatyoucanwillasauniversallaw你应该这样行为，使你行为所遵循的原则成为一条普遍的立法原理。（普遍化）第二种表述方式Thesecondform:Alwaystreathumanity,whetherinyourownpersonorthatofanother,neversimplyasameansbutalwaysatthesametimeasanend.对待人，无论是你自己还是别人，永远要当作目的而不仅仅是手段。（人是目的）,Otherforms其它表述方式,Weoughtalwaystoaskwhethersomeactionwearecontemplatingcouldbecomeauniversallawofnature.(reliesonhisviewsaboutnatureasasystemofeverythingthatweexperienceasitisorganizedaccordingtolaws)Wearetoaskwhetherwecouldconsiderourselvesastheauthorofthemoralpracticethatweareabletoaccept.Wearebothsubjecttothemorallawanditsauthor(stressautonomy)Weaskwhethertheactionwearecontemplatingwouldbefittingforandfurtherorpromotesuchacommunity“kingdomofends”(amplifiesthesecondformofthecategoricalimperative.),EvaluatingKantsmoraltheory评价康德的道德理论,积极价值Appealing:强调公平，逻辑上一贯，尊重人的自主性以及主张道德面前人人平等Itscentralaspects-fairness,consistency,treatingpersonsasautonomousandmorallyequalbeings.Theyarealsokeyelementsofaparticulartraditioninmorality.,EvaluatingKantsmoraltheory,讨论：1.道德义务的本质方面Thenatureofmoralobligation.Moralobligationisrealandstrictlybinding.(?)2.绝对命令的运用方面Theapplicationofthecategoricalimperative.Critics:(?),whenusingthefirstformofthecategoricalimperativetherearemanythingsthatIcouldwillasuniversalpracticesthatwouldhardlyseemtobemoralobligations(suchaswritetheirnameonthetopoftheirtestpapers)(?)Respond:,Insomesense,Kantstheoryrequiresthatweconsiderthepossibleconsequenceswhenuniversalizingsomeaction.itisjustliketheruleutilitarianism(mustuniversalize)(?)Respond:,thesecondformofthecategoricalimperativealsohasproblemsofapplication.Intheconcrete,itisnotalwayseasytodeterminewhetheroneisusingaperson,forexample,whatiscoercionandwhatissimplyinfluence,orwhatisdeceptionandwhatisnot.(?)Respond:,EvaluatingKantsmoraltheory,3.义务方面DutyDutyiswhateveristherightthingtodo.绝对主义？Absolutism当两种义务相冲突时，（如讲真话和保存生命），该如何做，康德道德理论没有给出答案？Theymaynotgiveadequatehelpindecidingwhattodo，whentheyseemtogiveuscontradictoryduties,asintheexample,bothtotellthetruthandpreservelife.(?)Respond:,EvaluatingKantsmoraltheory,4.道德面前人人平等方面MoralequalityandimpartialityKant:moralequality;impartiality.Moralityisgroundedinthewaysinwhichwearealikeaspersonsratherthanthewaysinwhichwearedifferentasindividuals.道德植根于我们作为人是一样的，而不是植根于我们作为个体是不同的。所以任何人没有道德特权。,Critics:(?)Inwhatwaydoesmoralityrequirethatallpersonsbetreatedequallyandinwhatwaydoesitperhapsrequirethatthatdifferentpersonsbetreateddifferently?(equalityanddiscrimination)人的层次不同，是否应有不同的道德要求或期望？有的只要求做到底线，有的要求具有美德？Itistoomale-orientedinitsfocusonreasonratherthanemotion.(?)Respond:,Perfectandimperfectduties完全义务和不完全义务,完全义务是绝对的Perfectdutiesareabsolute.不完全义务是灵活的imperfectduties(meritoriousduties)aremoreflexible.我们应该帮助别人（在力所能及的范围内）是完全义务（康德反对利己主义）；但是我们没有绝对义务牺牲自己的整个生命帮助别人。Weshouldhelpothers(objectegoism),butthereisnoabsolutedut