外文翻译--汽车变速器

附 录 A The output of the engine speed is very high, the maximum power and the maximum torque in a certain speed area appears. In order to bring into full play the best performance engine, it must have a variable speed device, to coordinate the speed of the engine and the actual speed. Transmission can be in the course of driving in the car, and the engine between different ratios of produce, through the shift can make the engine to the best in the dynamic properties of state. The three main transmission function 1. On a wide range of vehicle driving speed change the size of the car and the size of the torque on the drive wheels. As the car driving conditions, car speeds of the different requirements and drive torque to a wide range of change. For example in the way to speed should be able to 100 km/h, and in the urban district, speed in 50 km/h often to the left. Empty car in a flat roads, driving resistance is very small, then, when the carrying the uphill, driving resistance and very big. And the car engine is the characteristic of speed range, and small torque range cant meet the actual need more road conditions. 2. Achieve drive backward. The car engine crankshaft are generally only to a direction, and the car sometimes need to be able to drive back, therefore, often used in the transmission of setting reverse to realize the car drive backward. 3. Achieve gap when clutch engaging, gearbox can not power output. For example can guarantee the engine when cut loose from the clutch drivers seat. Transmission speed transmission mechanism and variable speed by operation of two parts. Variable speed transmissions main function is to change the torque and speed of numerical and direction； Operations main function is to control the transmission mechanism, realize the transmission ratio of the transformation, namely transmission shift to realize speed torque. Mechanical transmission main application the gear transmission principle of slow down. Say simply, there are a number of different transmission ratio o f gear, and the car down the behavior of the shift, that is through manipulation institutions make the different gear shift work. As in low speed, let the transmission ratio of big gear pair work, at high speed, let small gear transmission ratio. From now on the market have different models of transmission to see, the main configuration can be divided into: the manual transmission (MT), automatic transmission (AT), manual/automatic transmission (AMT), step-less transmission (CVT). 1. The manual transmission (MT) manual transmission contains array gear according to different driving conditions, drivers through the transmission control mechanisms to manually choose which a group of gear transmission, change the transmission ratio, to change speed and purpose. Because there is a shift change when gear synchronous problem, now a lot of gearbox are adopting synchronizer, in order to improve the smooth shift. Characteristics: the shift to direct, for drivers to provide more driving enjoyment. Is purely mechanical transmission, not there is too large a power loss, fuel economy performance is higher. Manual transmission structure simple, maintenance costs less. 2. Automatic transmission (AT) automatic transmission mechanism of planetary gear speed. It can according to the accelerator pedal degree and the speed change to automatic variable speed, and drivers but simply to control the accelerator control can reduce the speed, the difficulty of driving. Will tell commonly, car commonly used automatic transmission has the following kinds of types: hydraulic automatic transmission, hydraulic transmission automatic transmission, power transmission automatic transmission, etc. Among them, the most common is by the hydraulic torque converter and a variable transmission gear type of hydraulic automatic transmission, the transmission ratio can be in maximum and minimum values of between several continuous do within the scope of the stepless change. Because the hydraulic torque converter have power transmission loss, the relation between the transmission efficiency of automatic transmission usually only 85%. Features: power transmission shift smoothly, and natural transition. But the complex structure, maintenance cost is higher, power have certain loss, at the same time, reduce the fuel economy performance. 3. Step-less transmission (CVT) step-less transmission is composed of two groups of variable speed the plate and a belt of. Therefore, it is simple in structure than traditional automatic transmission, smaller. In addition, it is free to change gear ratios, so as to realize the full speed stepless speed change of the vehicle to make smooth, without the traditional transmission shift at the feeling. Features: the realization of uninterrupted power output, the dynamic performance and economic performance are better than traditional have high level automatic transmission. 附 录 B 发动机的输出转速非常高，最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的转速区出现。为了发挥发动机的最佳性能，就必须有一套变速装置，来协调发动机的转速和车轮的实际行驶速度。变速器可以在汽车行驶过程中，在发动机和车轮之间产生不同的变速比，通过换挡可以使发动机工作在其最佳的动力性能状态下。变速器主要有一下三种功用 1.在较大范围内改变汽车行驶速度的大小和汽车驱动轮上扭矩的大小。由于汽车行驶条件不同，要求汽车行驶速度和驱动扭矩能在很大范围内变化。例如在高速路上车速应能达到 100km/h，而在市区内，车速常在 50km/h 左右。空车在平直的公路上行驶时，行驶阻力很小，则当满载上坡时，行驶阻力便很大。而汽车发动机的特性是转速变化范围较小，而转矩变化范围更不能满足实际路况需要。 2.实现倒车行驶 。汽车发动机曲轴一般都是只能向一个方向转动的，而汽车有时需要能倒退行驶，因此，往往利用变速箱中设置的倒档来实现汽车倒车行驶。 3.实现空档当离合器接合时，变速箱可以不输出动力。例如可以保证驾驶员在发动机不熄火时松开离合器踏板离开驾驶员座位。 变速箱由变速传动机构和变速操纵机构两部分组成。变速传动机构的主要作用是改变转矩和转速的数值和方向；操纵机构的主要作用是控制传动机构，实现变速器传动比的变换，即实现换档，以达到变速变矩。 机械式变速箱主要应用了齿轮传动的降速原理。简单的说，变速箱内有多组传动比不同的齿轮副，而汽车行驶时的换档行为，也就是通过操纵机构使变速箱内不同的齿轮副工作。如在低速时，让传动比大的齿轮副工作，而在高速时，让传动比 小的齿轮副工作。 从现在市场上不同车型所配置的变速器来看，主要分为：手动变速器（ MT）、自动变速器（ AT）、手动 /自动变速器（ AMT）、无级变速器（ CVT）。 1.手动变速器（ MT）手动变速器中含有数组齿