语言学导论-第8章LanguageSociety.ppt

Languageandsociety,Languageandsociety,Sociolinguistics社会语言学tostudytherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive,Twoapproaches,Macrosociolinguistics宏观社会语言学(abirds-eyeview)Toconsiderhowlanguagefunctionsinthesocietyandhowitreflectsthesocialdifferentiations.Microsociolinguistics微观社会语言学(aworms-eyeview)FromthepointofviewofanindividualmemberwithinitHowlanguagefunctionsinthecommunicationbetweenmembersofthesociety,Twomainsubjects,Speechcommunity言语社区thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialsociolinguisticstudySpeechvariety言语变体anydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.3maintypes：regionaldialects,sociolects-usersregisters-use,Majorconcerns,VarietiesoflanguageStandarddialectPidginandCreoleBilingualismandDiglossia,Varietiesoflanguage,Dialectalvarieties方言变体Register语域Degreeofformality正式度,Dialectalvarieties,Regionaldialect地域方言Sociolect社会方言Languageandgender语言与性别Languageandage语言与年龄Idiolect个人语言Ethnicdialect种族方言,Regionaldialect地域方言ThelinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregionCauses:geographicalbarriersloyaltytoonesnativespeechphysicallow-riseintonationLexicon词汇Female:moreadjectivesofevaluation:nice,lovely,cute,fantasticmoreintensifiers:awfully,really,OnthewholeFemale:morecorrect,lessassertive,morepolite,Dialectalvarieties,Languageandage语言与年龄Lexicaldifference:e.g.,icebox-fridge火星文：符号、繁体字、日文、韩文、冷僻字或汉字拆分后的部分等非正规化文字符号组合而成（似乱码或错字，不规范，字面无法了解）偶口以跟你作朋友吗？3Q你是我的好麻吉！私今天没事做。海皮，粉，河蟹，小盆友，,Dialectalvarieties,Idiolect个人语言Apersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariationsE.g.,Hemingway,LuxunInanarrowsensevoicequality,pitch,speechtempo,rhythm,Dialectalvarieties,Ethnicdialect种族语言mainlyspokenbyalessprivilegedpopulationE.g.,BlackEnglishSimplificationofconsonantclusters:mend,desk,told,Deletionof“be”:Youcrazy.Theymine.Doublenegation:Hedontknownothing.Iaintafraidofnoghosts.,Dialectalvarieties,Register,“Languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries;itdiffersindifferentsituations.”(Halliday)Register:thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationthreesocialvariablesthatdeterminetheregisterfieldofdiscoursetenorofdiscoursemodeofdiscourse,Threesocialvariables,Fieldofdiscourse语场:words,grammarthepurpose(why)subjectmatter(aboutwhat)Tenorofdiscourse语旨:sentencestructure,tonetheparticipates(who)(whatrelationship)Modeofdiscourse语式:cohesion,stylethemeans(how),E.g.,technicalornon-technical,E.g.,customer-shopassistant,teacher-student,E.g.,oral,written,Register,Field?Tenor?Mode?,Register,Degreeofformality,Fivestagesofformality(MartinJoos)Intimate:Upyougo,chaps!Casual:Timeyouallwentupstairsnow.Consultative:Wouldyoumindgoingupstairsrightaway,please?Formal:Visitorsshouldgoupthestairsatonce.Frozen:Visitorswouldmaketheirwayatoncetotheupperfloorbywayofthestaircase.Note:differencesinsyntactic,lexicalandphonologicallevel,Standarddialect,standardvariety:asuperimposed,sociallyprestigiousdialectofalanguagethegovernmentandthejudiciarysystemthemassmediaeducationalinstitutionsFeatures:BasedonaselectedvarietyofthelanguageNotadialectachildacquiresnaturallylikehisregionaldialectE.g.,Chinese:Putonghua,Pidgin&Creole,Pidgin洋泾浜英语:(“business”)aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading,洋泾浜英语歌谣集,来叫克姆（COME）去叫谷（GO），是叫也司（YES）勿讲拿（NO），一元洋钿温得拉（ONEDOLLAR），廿四铜钿吞的福（TWENTY-FOUR），翘梯翘梯喝杯茶（HAVETEA），雪堂雪堂请侬坐（SITDOWN），红头阿三开泼度（KEEPDOOR），自家兄弟勃拉茶（BROTHER），爷叫泼茶娘卖茶（FATHER/MOTHER），丈人阿爸发音落（FATHERINLAW）。,Pidgin&Creole,Creole克里奥尔语apidginwhichhasbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunityacquiredbythechildrenofthatspeechcommunityastheirnativelanguageE.g.,English-basedcreoleofJamaicaFrench-basedcreoleofHaiti,Bilingualism&Diglossia双语,Bilingualismtwolanguagesareusedsidebysideinsomespeechcommunities,witheachhavingadifferentroletoplayE.g.,Paraguay:Spanis