《城市经济学导论》PPT课件.ppt

Chapter1,IntroductionandAxiomsofUrbanEconomics,CourseInformation,Instructor:ZouXuan(724936043)GradingFinalExam:40%Regulargrade:15%(attendanceandquestionanswering)IndividualEssayA:30%（submit）GroupEssayB:15%（reportedwithPPT）,EssayA.CaseStudies,Thisessayisrecommendedforthoseofyouwhoenjoyreadingaboutspecificrealcasesandliketomakesuggestionstosolvereallifeproblems.Realworldlocationproblemsdifferfromwhatweseeinclass.Theyaremorecomplex.Inthisessay,youwillhavetoanalyzeandproposeyoursolutiontosomecasestudiesforthelocationofanindustryorafirm.First,youshouldreadthearticle“LookBeyondtheObviousinPlantLocation”,HBR,January-February1979.,EssayB.AreCitiesdying?,Thisessayisrecommendedforthoseofyouwhoenjoyreadingandcriticizingeconomicpapers.Youhavetoreadtwopapers.Duringthecoursewewillcovermostofthetopicsmentionedinthepaperssoyoushouldnthavetoomuchtrouble.Itwouldbenicetogivethemafirstlookearlyandthentogodeeperoncewecoverthatparticularmaterial.,Twoimportantpapers：,a)UrbanDiversityandEconomicGrowth(inSymposium:UrbanAgglomeration).JohnM.Quigley.b)AreCitiesDying?(inSymposium:UrbanAgglomeration).EdwardL.Glaeser.Provideyouownopinionabout“Thefutureofcities”.Youcancomplementyouranalysiswithdataanddiscussionscomingfromothersources.,Ourmixedfeelingsaboutcities：Quotes,Citieshavealwaysbeenthefireplacesofcivilization,whencelightandheatradiatedoutintothedark.TheodoreParkerIdratherwakeupinthemiddleofnowherethaninanycityonearth.StevenMcQueen,Quotes,ThequotesfromParkerandMcQueenreflectourmixedfeelingsaboutcities.Onthepositiveside:Citiesfacilitateinnovation,production,andtrade,sotheyincreaseourstandardofliving.Citiesprovideconsumerswithawidevarietyofgoodsandservices.Onthenegativeside:Thepricesoflandandlaborarehigherincities.Citiesaresubjectedtomanyproblems,includingcongestion,pollution,crime,andpoverty.,Quotes,Ourmixedfeelingsaboutcitiesraisetwoimportantquestions:Q1:Whydopeoplelocateincities,withalltheirproblems?Becausetheobviouscostsofcityliving(highpricesforlandandlabor,congestion,pollution,andcrime)aremorethanoffsetbymoresubtlebenefits.Q2:Wouldpoliciesthatcombaturbanproblemssuchcongestion,pollution,andcrime,causecitiestogroworshrink?Policiesthatcombattheseproblemsarelikelytoincreasethevitalityofcities,causingthemtogrow.Q3:WhydopeoplepaythreetimesasmuchforahouseinMeiXilake,ChangSha,thaninadistanceof30kmfromit?,Morequestionstotrytounderstand,WhyisChangShagrowingfasterthanXiangTan?WhyarehighlyeducatedpowercouplesmoreoftenfoundinChangShathaninruralLiuYang?WhyaresomanyfinancialfirmsatWallStreetinNYCandinthecityofLondon?WhydidGooglestartupinSiliconvalley?WhydopoorFrenchmanliveincentralParisandPoorChineseinperipheryofChangSha?Wemightnotfindthefinalanswertoallthesequestions.,WhatisUrbanEconomics?,Economicsmeetsgeography1.Economicsexploresthechoicespeoplemakewhenresourcesarelimited.Householdsmaximizeutility,firmsmaximizeprofits.2.Geography:location,Urbaneconomcs,Itisbroadlytheeconomicstudyofurbanareas;assuch,itinvolvesusingthetoolsofeconomicstoanalyzeurbanissuessuchascrime,education,publictransit,housing,andlocalgovernmentfinance.Morenarrowly,itisabranchofmicroeconomicsthatstudiesurbanspatialstructureandthelocationofhouseholdsandfirms.,Topicsinthecourse,1.Marketforcesinthedevelopmentofcities2.LandRentandland-usepatterns3.Urbantransportation4.EducationandCrimeincity5.Housingandpublicpolicy6.Localgovernment,1.Marketforcesinthedevelopmentofcities,a.Whydocitiesexist?b.Whydocompetingfirmscluster?c.Whydocitiesvaryinsize?d.Whatcausesurbangrowthanddecline?e.Whobenefitsfromurbangrowth?,2.LandRentandland-usepatterns,a.Whydoesthepriceoflandvarywithincities?,LandRentandland-usepatterns,b.Whydopeopleandfirmssometimesbuildupinsteadofout?c.Whathappenedtothelargemonocentriccity?d.Howdopeoplechooseneighborhoods?e.Whyaretheredozensofmunicipalitiesinthetypicalmetropolitanarea?f.Whataretheconsequencesofincomesegregation?g.Whataretheeffectsofland-usecontrolsandzoning?h.Whataretheconsequencesofurbangrowthboundaries?,WhyareSkyscrapersclutteredupinManhattan?,WhyisToronto,Canada“singlepeaked”andBarcelona,Spain“flat”?,Whydomiddle-classfamiliessprawlinthesuburbsofLasVegasandliveintallapartmentbuildingsinZurich?,3.Urbantransportation,a.Whatisthemarginalexternalcostofautomobiletravel?b.Howtoimprovetheserviceofmasstransit?c.Whatwouldberequiredforsupportlight-rail?,4.EducationandCrimeincity,a.Arecriminalsrational?b.Whatistheoptimumlevelofcrime?c.Iseducationatoolforfightingcrime?d.Whyarecrimerateshigherinlargecities?E.Doprisonswork?,5.Housingandpublicpolicy,a.Whyishousingdifferentfromothergoods?b.Howdosubsidiesforhigh-incomehouseholdsaffectlow-incomehouseholds?c.Howdogrowthcontrolpoliciesaffectlow-incomehouseholds?d.Whatsthebestpolicyforlow-incomehousing-subsidizedhousingorhousingvouchers?e.Whichgroupreceivesmoregovernmentassistanceforhousing,low-incomehouseholds,orhigh-incomehouseholds?,6.Localgovernment,a.Whatistheroleoflocalgovernmentinafederalsystem（orcentergovernment）?b.Isamajority-ruleelectionsystemefficient?c.Whopaysthepropertytaxineconomicterms?,WhatisaCity?,Functionalcity:Anareawitharelativelyhighpopulationdensitythatcontainsasetofcloselyrelatedactivities.Thefunctionalcityisoftenreferredtoasmetropolitanarea,agglomerationorurbanarea.Politicalcity:Anareawithinpoliticalboundariessuchasamunicipality,countyorprovince.Urbaneconomicsis(mainly)interestedinthefunctionalcity.,世界主要国家对城市的界定1、人口规模*联合国人居中心规定：市（City）的人口数量最低标准为20000人；镇（Town）的人口规模最低标准为2000人。2、人口规模人口密度加拿大：人口密度大于390人/平方公里为城镇美国：400；日本：4000；澳大利亚：1903、人口规模产业人员结构来确定荷兰：男子农业从业人员比重小于20%4、根据行政级别来确定埃及：省和地区的首府为城镇5、根据城镇的特征来确定马耳他：没有农业用地的建成区为城镇,中国的城镇设置标准法律依据中华人民共和国城市规划法（年月日起施行）第三条本法所称城市，是指国家按行政建制设立的直辖市、市、镇。本法所称城市规划区，是指城市市区、近郊区以及城市行政区域内因城市建设和发展需要实行规划控制的区域，城市规划区的具体范围，由城市人民政府在编制的城市总体规划中划定。中国的“城市”，也即“城镇”,中国的城市及相关概念中国的城市及乡村直辖市（省部级）副省级城市/计划单列市（深圳、宁波、青岛、大连、厦门）（副省级）省辖市（地级市）（厅局级）县级市（处级）：以上为建制市，有市一级地方政府县（处级）镇（建制镇）：有镇一级地方政府乡、村市区、郊区（近郊区、远郊区）、农村,美国的城市及相关概念Municipalityorcity（自治市行政城市）Providinglocalgovernmentservicessuchassewerage,crimeprotection,andfireprotection.Urbanizedarea（城市化地区经济城市）城市化地区由中心城市（自治市）和它周围地区人口密度在1000人/平方英里以上的密集居住区两个部分构成合计人口应在5万人以上MetropolitanArea（MA，大都市地区）TheMAisthecountycontainingtheurbanizedarea或者包括一个5万人以上的中心城市或者包括一个城市化地区或者总人口在10万人以上ThesethreetermsrefertotheMA,whichisanareawitharelativelyhighpopulationdensitythatcontainsasetofcloselyrelatedactivities.TherearetwotypesofMA:CMSAandMSAConsolidatedMetropolitanStatisticalArea(CMSA)人口在100万以上MetropolitanStatisticalArea(MSA)大都市统计区不够CMSA条件的MA,不同国家的MA状况美国：1999年美国一共有258个MSA、73个PMSA和18个CMSA，大都市地区的面积占全国面积的16%，大都市人口占全国的84.59%。日本：人口集中地区加拿大：国情调查大都市区（CMA）英国：标准大都市劳动市场区（SNLA）澳大利亚：国情调查扩展城市区（CEUD）总之，也许我们可以借鉴发达国家重视经济、统计的城市设置的经验，改进我们重视行政设市的传统。,Chinaurbanizationrate,WhyDoCitiesExist?,A.SystemofproductionandexchangedefiesnaturalorderB.Conditionsforcities1.Agriculturalsurplus2.Urbanproductiontoexchangeforfood3.TransportationsystemforexchangeC.Factsoncities1.Figure1.2:Urbanizationratesaroundtheworld2.Table1.1:Populationof30largestmetropolitanareas3.Table1.2:Populationofworldcities,Citiesarethecenterofeconomicactivity.,CitiesdefineEurope,AxiomsofUrbanEconomics,Axiom:Self-evidenttruthAxiom1:PricesAdjusttoAchieveLocationalEquilibriumAxiom2:Self-ReinforcingEffectsGenerateExtremeOutcomesAxiom3:ExternalitiesCauseInefficiencyAxiom4:ProductionisSubjecttoEconomiesofScaleAxiom5:CompetitionGeneratesZeroEconomicProfit,Axiom1:PricesAdjusttoAchieveLocationalEquilibrium,1.Locationalequilibrium:Noincentivetomove2.RentonbeachhouseRentonhighwayhouse3.WageinCoolsvilleLandrentonfringe,Axiom2:Self-ReinforcingEffectsGenerateExtremeOutcomes,1.Self-reinforcingeffect:leadstochangesinsamedirection2.Autorowattractscomparisonshoppers3.Clusterofartistsattractsotherartists,Axiom3:ExternalitiesCauseInefficiency,1.Externality:costorbenefitofatransactionexperiencedbysomeoneelse2.Externalcost:burninggasolineaffectsbreathers3.Externalbenefit:paintingapeelinghouseincreasespropertyvalues,Axiom4:ProductionisSubjecttoEconomiesofScale,1.Economiesofscale:Averagecostdecreasesasquantityincreases2.Indivisibleinputs:requiredtoproduceoneorathousandunits3.Factorspecializationa.Jac