庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上ppt课件.ppt

21庄子二则,1,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,ho,濠水上的桥。濠，水名，在今安徽凤阳。,2,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上。庄子曰：“鲦鱼出游从容，是鱼之乐也。”惠子曰：“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”庄子曰：“子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？”,反问句：庄子避开正面回答惠子的问题，而采取反问的方法回答，以“非我”者“不知我”，推论“不知我”者不知“我知鱼”，据理力争，足见他的机智。,是：这,安：疑问代词，怎么，哪里。,庄子与惠施在濠水的桥上游玩。庄子说：“白鲦（tio）鱼(在河水中)游得悠闲自得，这是鱼的快乐啊。”惠施说：“你不是鱼，怎么知道鱼的快乐呢？”庄子说：“你不是我，怎么知道我不知道鱼的快乐呢？”,3,惠子曰：“我非子，固不知子矣；子固非鱼也，子之不知鱼之乐，全矣！”庄子曰：“请循其本。子曰汝安知鱼乐云者，既已知吾知之而问我，我知之濠上也。”,惠子采用逻辑推理，首先承认不是庄子，故不知道庄子，然后照此推理，庄子不是鱼，因此也不知鱼之乐。,全：完全，肯定（是这样）。,循其本：追溯话题本原。循，追溯。,云者：助词，用于句末，表停顿，以引出下文。,惠施说：“我不是你，固然不知道你；你本来就不是鱼，你不知道鱼的快乐，是可以肯定的了！”庄子说：“请从我们最初的话题说起。你说你哪儿知道鱼快乐等等，说明你已经知道我知道鱼的快乐而在问我。我是在濠水的桥上知道的。”,4,了解作者，感知作品背景庄子是我国古代著名的哲学家，道家学派的代表人物之一。庄子生活在一个社会矛盾极其尖锐的时代，做过漆园吏。他不满现实，不与统治阶级合作，据传楚王曾以千金相邀为相，被其拒绝。与老子并称为道学之祖。庄子继承了老子“道法自然”的观点，认为“道”是无限的、“自本自根”“无所不在”的，强调事物的自生自灭，否认有神的主宰。惠施，宋国商丘人，战国时期著名的政治家、哲学家，名家思想的开山鼻祖和主要代表人物。惠施是合纵抗秦的最主要的组织人和支持者。他主张魏国、齐国和楚国联合起来对抗秦国，并建议齐、魏互尊为王。魏惠王在位时，惠施因为与张仪不和而被驱逐出魏国，他首先到楚国，后来回到家乡宋国，并在宋国国都商丘与老乡庄子成为朋友。,5,1.庄子坚持认为“出游从容”的鱼儿很快乐，表现了他怎样的心境？,庄子认为鱼“乐”，其实是他愉悦心境的投射与外化。他认为一切事物都是相对的，人的认识也是如此，他来到濠水之滨，“从容出游”感到快乐，于是见到“出游从容”的鱼也快乐。所以庄子说自己是到了濠水时才感到鱼的快乐，否则哪能见到鱼的快乐呢？,课文解读,6,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,2.指出下面两个疑问句的语气的强弱特点和表达效果。,（1）“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”（2）“子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？”,7,（1）句是惠子针对庄子知“鱼之乐”而发起的疑问，语气较轻；（2）句是庄子针对惠子的问话的回答，用的是反问的语气，语气较强。这句话不从正面回答惠子的问题，而从反面相对，收到很好的表达效果。,8,3.在这场辩论中庄子是如何化解惠子的发难的？,庄子把“安知”，解释成“哪知道”或“怎知道”，而惠子本意是“怎么（能）知道”。庄子偷换概念，避重就轻，化解了发难，其机智灵活的形象跃然纸上。,9,4.这场“鱼之乐”的辩论体现了庄子和惠子二人各自怎样的思想？,庄子追求“天地与我并生，而万物与我为一”，和万物平等共生，与外界契合无间。短文中的“鱼之乐”，其实也就是他愉悦心境的投射和外化。惠子偏重于知识性的判断。论辩言语严密，逻辑性强，对事物的认知是持以寻根究底的态度，求实而缺乏美学意义上的欣赏。,10,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,力辩求真拘泥,【庄子】,【惠子】,巧辩尚美超然,轻松闲适，诗意盎然,11,1.关于这场“濠梁之辩”的结果，有人说是庄子赢了，有人说是惠子赢了，你认为是谁赢了？,深入探究,12,13,14,2.结合两则故事试理解庄子的人生态度。,北冥有鱼大鹏向南飞行，需要乘着六月的风而去。也就是说，大鹏的飞行是有所“恃”的。它虽然能够在天空翱翔，看似自由自在，但其实还要借助风的力量，也就是说，它受到了风的制约。如果没有大风，大鹏是不可能飞翔的。因此，在天空翱翔的大鹏其实并没有达到真正的逍遥。,15,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上中，惠子好辩，重分析。对于事物有一种寻根究底的认知态度，重在知识的探讨。庄子智辩，重观赏，对于外界的认识，带有欣赏的态度，将主观的情意发挥到外物上而产生移情同感的作用。如果说惠子带有逻辑家的个性，那么庄子则具有艺术家的风貌。,16,庄子心境旷达，视荣华富贵如敝屣，他有着高雅的生活情趣。秋水一文所宣扬的是庄子一贯的思想，即人的生死、寿夭、祸福、穷通、贵贱、贫富、得失、成败等等都是完全相对的东西，并且是人力所不能左右的，应一切顺其自然。庄子鄙视功名富贵，追求快乐自由便是这种思想支配下的心灵选择。,17,庄子思想虽有消极虚无的一面，但其根本目标却在于要使人的生活和精神达到一种不为外物所束缚、所统治的绝对自由独立的境界。多少年来，庄子思想曾给乱世中饱经沧桑的心灵以莫大的安慰，即使在物质文明高度发达的今天也有它独特的作用。,18,结构梳理,惠子力辩、求真、拘泥,庄子巧辩、尚美、超然,万物与我为一,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,19,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,主旨归纳,这则故事通过庄子与惠子围绕着“鱼之乐”而展开辩论，表现了庄子的机智与巧妙的辩论风格，也表现了庄子的“万物与我为一”的思想。,20,艺术特色,1.精彩的论辩艺术。,通篇采用对话的形式，两人一句接着一句，用“以子之矛，攻子之盾”的方法，把这场辩论深化，显示了精彩的论辩艺术。,21,2.笔法轻松，充满机智和幽默。,围绕庄子是否知道“鱼之乐”的辩论，本是深奥的逻辑问题，但文章用轻松、闲适的笔调描述辩论过程，二人语言不乏幽默，令人感受到日常生活中的诗意。,22,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,文言小结,南冥者，天池也（）安知鱼之乐（）子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐（）,古今异义,古义：天然形成的水池今义：高山湖泊名,古义：怎么今义：安全,古义：对人的尊称今义：孩子，儿子,23,怒而飞其远而无所至极邪,（连词，表修饰）,（连词，表承接）,其正色邪不知其几千里也,（连词，表示选择）,（代词，代鲲）,一词多义,24,安知鱼之乐既已知吾知之而问我子之不知鱼之乐,（助词，的）,（代词，代鱼的快乐）,（助词，用于主谓之间，取消句子独立性，无义）,25,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,词类活用,其视下也,（名词用作状语，往下）,志怪者也,（形容词用作名词，怪异的事情）,水击三千里,（名词用作形容词，在水面上）,南冥者，天池也,（名词用作形容词，天然的）,26,文言句式,判断句：齐谐者，志怪者也（“者也”表判断）是鱼之乐也（“也”表判断）,27,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,倒装句：去以六月息者也（介词短语后置句，应为“以六月息者也去”）庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上（状语后置句，应为“庄子与惠子于濠梁之上游”）,28,省略句：我知之濠上也（省略介词“于”，应为“我知之于濠上也”）,29,拓展延伸,庄子有许多内容已演化为寓言和成语，保留在现代汉语中。下列寓言和成语都出自庄子：,鹏程万里扶摇直上越俎代庖望洋兴叹朝三暮四薪火相传东施效颦盗亦有道无中生有枯鱼之肆呆若木鸡无用之用蜗角之争每况愈下涸辙之鲋邯郸学步窃钩者诛，窃国者诸侯成者英雄败者贼,30,课后习题参考答案,一、背诵北冥有鱼，说说文中讲了哪几层意思，作者笔下的“鹏”是个什么样的形象。,参考答案：第一层：描述鲲鹏形象（形体硕大无比、变化神奇莫测、奋飞气势壮美）。第二层：鹏鸟南飞有所待(以“野马”“尘埃”作比，表明万物皆有所待)。,31,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,主旨：任何事物的存在都要依附于一定的条件，它们的活动都是有所凭借的。鹏的形象:作者笔下的“鹏”是一个硕大无比、志向高远但又无法摆脱外力束缚的大鸟形象，它象征着渴望追求崇高的理想却无法挣脱现实束缚的庄子。,32,文中，作者极尽想象，描写了一个体积庞大、气势惊人的大鹏鸟。当鹏鸟振翅而飞，由北向南壮游南海时，其气势极大：“水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里。”然而，虽然大鹏神奇不凡，也依然要凭借“海运”所带来的大风才可以飞到九万里的高空。它正如当时处于乱世的庄子，想要施展抱负却受到外力束缚，不得自由。,33,二、熟读庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上，复述这则故事，并回答下列问题。,1.庄子与惠子的论辩十分巧妙，试说说巧妙在哪里。2.庄子为什么说他知道“鱼之乐”？谈谈你的理解。,34,参考答案：1.惠子好辩，重分析，对于事物有一种寻根究底的认知态度，重在知识的探讨。庄子智辩，重观赏，对于外界的认识，带有欣赏的态度，将主观的情意发挥到外物上而产生移情同感的作用。如果说惠子带有逻辑家的个性，那么庄子则具有艺术家的风貌。从故事本身来看，庄子占了上风。结尾处，,35,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,在惠子巧妙地援引庄子的反驳建立起符合逻辑的推理后，庄子似乎应该无言以对而就此认输了，可是他却又返回争论的起始，借偷换概念而避重就轻地将惠子的发难化解了。所谓偷换概念，指他把惠子说的“安知”，解释成“哪里知道”或“怎样知道”，而惠子的本意却是“怎么（能）知道”。,36,2.庄周肯定自己能知道鱼之乐，从认知规律上来说，庄子的逻辑推理纯属诡辩，但这种诡辩并不使人反感，因为庄子完全是以艺术心态去看待世界的，典型的“移情”作用，庄周是把自己的快乐移栽到鱼的情绪上，反过来更衬托出庄子的快乐。,37,三、解释下列加点的词。1.怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云2.齐谐者，志怪者也3.子非鱼，安知鱼之乐4.请循其本,38,参考答案：1.怒：振奋。这里指有力鼓动翅膀。2.志：记载。3.安：疑问代词。怎么，哪里。4.循：追溯。,39,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状