词汇学考试整理.doc

词汇学整理一、选择题25 题 25分1. 从规约走向描述的里程碑词典是：OED (P.237)2. 同义词的特征？（P.125）Synonymous word group a common denotative component brings the words together. 3. 习语的特征？(P.190)Idioms are usually semantically opaque and are characterized by structural invariability.4. 古代英语Archaic words are words no longer in common use, however they are retained for special purpose, they are sometimes employed in poetry, business letters, legal documents, religious speeches, and prose, (marked arch. Or aic. ) whereas obsolete words just refer to the words completely out of current use . marked obs. (olete.) or dated in a dictionary.5. 语境的分类(P.152-P155)Linguistic (or verbal )contexts or extra-linguistic （or nonverbal）can determine the meanings of words, esp. those of polysemous words. 1.Linguistic (or verbal )contexts: Lexical context,Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word.(see the examples of make on p.153 ) Grammatical context, In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.(see the examples of take in various settings on p.153 )However, it is not sufficient to indicate all the individual meanings of a given word.(see the examples concerning the different meanings of the same pattern get+n. on p.154 ) Verbal context The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passag , or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting, as stated at the beginning of the chapter. 2.Extra-linguistic/context of situation:1)The actual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance, or a speech event) occurs.(see the example of operation on p.155) 2) The entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event has to be set (see the example of peasant and farmer on p.156) 6. ?两个单词有相同的部分，根据什么来猜意义？Componential analysis and semantic features7. 理据？(P.94-95)Motivation can be classified into three types:1) Phonetic motivation;Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.2) Morphological motivation;We say that the word is morphologically motivated, for a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.If we know the meaning of the affix and the base, then we can immediately the meaning of this word. 3) Semantic motivation.Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors The figurative usage can provide semantic motivation; the figurative meaning can be readily understood by those who know the literal meaning.8. 研究多义的两个方法They are : 1) diachronic ; 历时角度2) synchronic .共时角度(P.110)1) diachronicThe study of the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word, or the study of how the semantic structure of a word has developed from a primary meaning to the present polysemic state, i.e. with derived meaning springing from the original meaning. This way of study is called diachronic approaches.(primary meaning and the present polysemic meaning )Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and secondary meaning. 9. 习语的文体特征？(P.206)Stylistic featureMost idioms are stylistically neutral, but quite a number of them belong to informal spoken English. A few idioms suggest a dignified and elevated tone, and are used on formal occasions, e.g.Some idioms phrases are slangy.Stylistic feature of idioms, however, are constantly shifting, and what is slang today may informal tomorrow.10. 词义变化的内部要素（原因）？Linguistic cause: (P172-175)Change of meaning is frequently brought about by two tendencies in a linguistic system; towards ellipsis and toward analogy.Ellipsis as a cause of semantic change often occurs in habitual collection, such as adjective +noun, or attributive noun + noun, in which the noun is deleted and only the first element (the attributive) is left, but retaining the sense of the whole phrase.The analogical tendency is also constantly at work. New meanings developed in one part of speech are passed on to other parts of speech from the same lexical base.11. 词素的分类？(P.28)MorphemeFree morpheme Bound morpheme Inflection affixesBound root Affix Free root Derivational affixesPrefix Sufix12. 修辞?明喻 Simile： It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特 性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other 明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体(tenor)和喻体(vehicle)之间的相似关系， 两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词 like, as, as if, as though 等2) Metaphor：(暗喻） It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. 隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之 间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 3) Analogy: (类比） It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. 4) Personification: (拟人） It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象).拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物 拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。 5) Hyperbole: (夸张） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. 夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的 言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。 1、My blood froze. 我的血液都凝固了。6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter. 7) Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to die as” pass away. 8) Metonymy (转喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事 物名称代替另一种。9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. 提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局 部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。 1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. 长城不仅是用石头和土建 造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。 句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲） For instance, they say theres bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks. 10）Antonomasia (换喻/替代） It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. Inrhetoric,antonomasiais a substitution of anyepithetor phrase for a proper name. The reverse process is also sometimes called antonomasia. Antonomasia is a particular form ofmetonymy. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. 双关语（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把 互不关联的两种含义结合起来， 以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。 Napoleon was astonished.” Either you are mad, or I am,” he declared. “Both，sir!” cried the Swede proudly. “Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两 次战役。 For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here arms has two meanings: a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.)/ Napoleon was astonished.” Either you are mad, or I am,” he declared. “Both，sir!” cried the Swede proudly. “Both”一词一语双 关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役Alliteration: (头韵） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called front rhyme. For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free. 头韵法 （alliteration）在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。押韵(rhyme)，Arhymeis a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words and is most often used inpoetryandsongs. 赘述(tautology)Arhetoricaltautology can also be defined as a series of statements that comprise an argument, whereby the statements are constructed in such a way that the truth of the proposition is guaranteed or that the truth of the proposition cannot be disputed by defining a term in terms of another self-referentially.13. 单词的定义：A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.14. root stem base 的区别(P.33)Root: A root is a form which is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. It is that part of a word-form that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. A root is the basic part always present in a lexeme.( i.e. desire is the root in the word undesirable , -able is the suffix, un- is the prefix ) Stem: Bauer defines stem as A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it: it is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. (I.e. in the word undesirable, the stem is undesirable; in the word desired, the stem is desire.) Base: Base may be defined as a form to which a rule of word-formation is applied .This means that any root or stem can be termed a base . 15. 搞清四个术语 terminology，neologism， morphology， etymology Etymology: The study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning.Neologism: New words or new meanings for established words)(P.6)Morphology: the study of morpheme and their different forms.Terminology: 术语 consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine:16. ？根据什么来猜单词的意思，一句话中来猜斜体单词的意义？From the context, guessing meaning of a word. 到时根据具体题目猜单词。17. 本族语词汇的特征？(P.9-P.10) The typical feature of most native words in Modern English is monosyllabic (having only one syllable) . The fundamental features of the basic word stock:1. National character 2. stability 3. word-formation ability 4. Ability to from colletction18. 词素变体？(P.22)Allomorphs 1) An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds; 2) The allomophs such as -ion/ -tion/ -sion/ -ation do not differ in meaning or function but show a slight difference in sound depending on the final phoneme of the preceding verbs .3) Allomorphs may occur among the positional variants of the same suffix, like -ion/ -tion/ -sion/ -ation ,they may also occur among prefixes. Their forms then depends on the first letter of the verb to which they will be added, for example, im occurring before p,b,or m (e.g. imperfect, Imbalance, immobile) ; Native words: 9 most frequently used : you, and, it, will, have, to, be, of, the 19. 功能词和实词(p17-18)Function wards:1. often short words such as: determiners, conjunction, prepositions, auxiliaries, and so forth 2. have no much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning, they serve grammatically more than any words-grammatical meaning 3. number: relatively small and permanent set of words compared with content words (154 total number) 4. closed lists: closed in the sense that they cannot be extended by the creation of new words.5. high frequency of occurrence Content words :1. used to name objects, qualities, actions, process or states(they re nouns, main verbs, adjectives, and adverb of a language)2. have independent lexical meaning.3. number: large (one million-154)4. Open lists: the list is open in the sense that its indefinitely extendible5. low frequency of occurrence compared with function words20. 搞清绝对同音同形词和多义词的区别？Perfect homonyms refer to the words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning (see the examples on p. 115 and p.116 ) .(it exists in two words though their spelling and sounds are identical)The word polysemy is of Greek origin. It has been defined as .A term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. (its the one word which has a range of different meanings)二、填空题 20分 15题1. 语境的分类(同选择题第五题)2. century 这本词典是什么样的词典？（P.239）The first encyclopedic dictionary in the U.S. 百科全书类词典3. 任意性和规约性(P.93)Arbitrary: there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense. Conventional: there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other. 4. 多义的两个过程(P.111)1. Radiation2. concatenation 5. 词汇意义和语法意义(P.96-101)Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm Lexical meaning can be subdivided into four types: 1) Denotative meaning; 2) Connotative meaning; 3) Social meaning; 4) Affective meaning 6. root stem base 的区别(同选择题14)7. ?分析单词定义的方法？8. 同音同形的分类English homonyms can be classified into:1) Perfect homonyms;2) Homophones;3) Homographs .9. 同音同形词四个起源？（P.117-119）1. Phonetic convergence 2. Semantic convergence 3. Foreign influence4. Shortening 10. 歧义（定义）Ambiguities refers to a phenomenon that a word, a phrase, sentence or group of sentences may have more than one possible interpretation or meaning. Type: lexical ambiguity; grammatical ambiguity11. 语法意义分类？Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm 12. 美国英语所独有，起源于美国英语的单词短语用法叫做？(P.214)Americanisms, which means “a word, a phrase, or usage originating in or peculiar to American English”13. verbal traffic(P.170)Social cause of changes in word meaning Change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic (or shift) between common words and various words is referred to as social cause of semantic change. As a result of this constant verbal traffic between common words and technical words, some technical words have lost their specialized meanings and have come to be used in more general senses. Among the numerous new words connected with electricity,