药学英语ppt课件.ppt

WordStudy,anaphylactoida.过敏的cardiaca.心脏的，心脏病的cardiacarrest心脏骤停cardiacfailure心衰cerebrala.大脑的cerebralvessel脑血管clotn.凝块v.凝结，阻塞complementvt.相辅相成，补充n.补足物confoundern.混杂contentionn.争论，争辩，论点criterian.标准，尺度，准则debilitatinga.使衰弱的,1,enlimomab恩莫单抗escalationn.逐步增大hemorrhagica.出血的interventionala.干涉的，干预的ischemica.缺血性的lesionn.损害，损伤leukocyten.粒性白细胞metabolica.新陈代谢的monoclonala.单克隆的，单细胞繁殖的n.单克隆mortalityn.死亡率，死亡数目obstructv.妨碍，阻塞placebon.安慰剂plasminogenn.血纤维蛋白溶酶原,2,polymorphonucleara.(白细胞)多形核的polymorphonuclearleukocyte多形核白细胞randomizeda.随机的recruitmentn.征募新兵，募集，募集现象renala.肾脏的renalfailure肾衰stringenta.严格的surrogaten.代用品；a.可替代的thrombolysisn.溶栓travailn.阵痛；辛劳unequivocala.明白的；确切的vesseln.血管；脉管,3,alaninen.丙氨酸anaerobica.厌氧的atherosclerosisn.动脉粥样硬化auditorya.听觉的axonn.轴突bilaterala.双侧的carotidn.颈动脉cavitationn.空化，空洞形成conferv.授予，赠予，比较corticala.皮层的，皮质的，有关脑皮层的electroencephalogramn.脑电图evokevt.诱发excitotoxicn.兴奋性毒性,4,free-radicaln.自由基fructosen.果糖gerbiln.蒙古沙鼠glutamaten.谷氨酸盐，谷氨酸酯glycolytica.糖酵解的hippocampaladj.海马的histopathologicaladj.组织病理学的hyperbarica.高压的hyperplasian.增生，数量性肥大hypometabolismn.代谢减退hypoperfusionn.血流灌注不足hypoxian.低氧，缺氧infarctn.梗塞,5,ionotropica.离子型的isolateda.孤立的，离体的lactaten.乳酸盐mannitoln.甘露醇migrationn.移民，迁移mitochondriala.线粒体的morphometryn.形态测定法mortalityn.死亡率，死亡数目myelinn.髓磷脂，髓鞘neurotransmittern.神经递质occlusionn.闭塞paclitaxeln.紫杉醇paralysisn.瘫痪，麻痹parenchyman.实质，软细胞组织,6,pathophysiologyn.病理生理学penumbrala.半影区的，界限不明的percutaneousa.经由皮肤的permanenta.永久的，持久的phosphorylationn.磷酸化，磷酸化作用photochemicala.光化学的pilotadj.试验性的，引导的，初步的progressivea.先进的，渐进的，革新的proliferationn.增殖，出芽繁殖，扩散protonn.质子pyruvaten.丙酮酸盐rapamycinn.雷帕霉素reboundv.弹回，反作用于n.反弹,7,renderingn.翻译，表现restenosisn.（尤指心脑血管术后的）再狭窄salvagevt.救助，救出，免受sensorya.知觉的，感觉的sheathn.鞘somatosensorya.协同的stemvi.起源于steroidn.甾族化合物，类固醇synergistica.协同的thrombusn.血栓tolerabilityn.耐受性upregulationn.增量调节urean.尿素,8,UnitOnePharmacology,Theword“pharmacology”derivesfromtheGreekwordfordrug,pharmakon.Itisthebranchofmedicineandbiologyconcernedwiththestudyoftheactions,uses,mechanisms,andadverseeffectsofdrugs.Morespecifically,itisthestudyoftheinteractionsthatoccurbetweenalivingorganismandchemicalsthataffectnormalorabnormalbiochemicalfunction.Itsubstanceshavemedicinalpropertiestheyareconsideredpharmaceuticals.Thefieldofpharmacologyencompassesdrugcompositionandproperties,interactions,toxicology,therapy,andmedicalapplicationsandanti-pathogeniccapabilities.,9,Thetwomainareasofpharmacologyarepharmacodynamicsandpharmacokinetics.Theformerstudiestheeffectsofthedrugsonbiologicalsystems,andthelatterstudiestheeffectsofbiologicalsystemsonthedrugs.Inbroadterms,pharmacodynamicsdiscussestheinteractionsofchemicalswithbiologicalreceptors,andpharmacokineticsdiscussestheabsorption,distribution,metabolismandexcretionofchemicalsfromthebiologicalsystems.,10,Prehistoricpeopleundoubtedlyrecognizedthebeneficialortoxiceffectsofmanyplantsandanimalmaterial.TheearliestwrittenrecordsfromChinaandfromEgyptlistremediesofmanytypes,includingafewstillrecognizedtodayasusefuldrugs.Most,however,wereworthlessoractuallyharmful.DioscoridesDeMateriaisoftensaidtobetheoldestandmostvaluableworkinthehistoryofpharmacology.Pharmacologyasascientificdisciplinedidnotfurtheradvanceuntilthemid-19thecenturyamidthegreatbiomedicalresurgenceofthatperiod.Beforethesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury,theremarkablepotencyandspecificityoftheactionsofdrugssuchasmorphine,quinineanddigitaliswereexplainedvaguelywithreferencetoextraordinarychemicalpowersandaffinitiestocertainorgansortissues.,11,Thestudyofdrugsrequiresintimateknowledgeofthebiologicalsystemaffected.Withtheknowledgeofcellbiologyandbiochemistryincreasing,thefieldofpharmacologyhasalsochangedsubstantially.Ithasbecomepossible,throughmolecularanalysisofreceptors,todesignchemicalsthatactonspecificcellularsignalingormetabolicpathwaysbyaffectingsitesdirectlyoncell-surfacereceptorswhichmodulateandmediatecellularsignalingpathwayscontrollingcellularfunction.,12,Medicationissaidtohaveanarroworwidetherapeuticindexortherapeuticwindow.Thisdescribestheratioofdesiredeffecttotoxiceffect.Acompoundwithanarrowtherapeuticindexexertsitsdesiredeffectatadoseclosetoitstoxicdose.Acompoundwithawidetherapeuticindexexertsitsdesiredeffectatadoseclosesubstantiallybelowitstoxicdose.Thosewithanarrowmarginaremoredifficulttodoseandadmitter,andmanyrequiretherapeuticdrugmonitoring.Mostanti-cancerdrugshaveanarrowtherapeuticmargin:toxicside-effectsarealmostalwaysencounteredatdoseusedtokilltumors.,13,Pharmacokineticsdescribestheeffectofthebodyonthedrug.Whendescribingthepharmacokineticpropertiesofadrug,pharmacologistsareofteninterestedinLADME.Liberation-disintegration,dispersalanddissolutionAbsorption-Isthemedicationabsorbedthroughtheskin,theintestine,ortheoralmucosa?Distribution-Howdoesitspreadthroughtheorganism?Metabolism-Isthemedicationconvertedchemicallyinsidethebody,andintowhichsubstances?Aretheseactive?Couldtheybetoxic?Excretion-Isthemedicationeliminatedthroughthebile,urine,breath,orskin?,14,Pharmacologyisnotsynonymouswithpharmacyandthetwotermsarefrequentlyconfused.Pharmacologydealswithhowdrugsinteractwithinbiologicalsystemstoaffectfunction.Itisthestudyofdrugs,ofthereactionsofthebodyanddrugoneachother.Incontrast,pharmacyisabiomedicalscienceconcernedwithpreparation,dispensing,dosage,andthesafeandeffectiveuseofmedicines.Thestudyofpharmacologyisofferedinmanyuniversitiesworldwideinprogramsthatdifferfrompharmacyprograms.Studentsofpharmacologyaretrainedasresearchers,studyingtheeffectsofsubstancesinordertobetterunderstandthemechanismswhichmightleadtonewdrugdiscoveries.Whereasapharmacystudentwilleventuallyworkinapharmacydispensingmedicationsorsomeotherpositionfocusedonthepatient.,15,UnitFourPharmacology,Pharmacologyisconcernedwithallfacetsoftheinteractionofchemicalswithbiologicalsystems.Whensuchinteractionsareappliedtothecureorameliorationofdisease,chemicalsareusuallycalleddrugs.Mostdrugsproduceeffectsbycombiningwithbiologicalreceptors.Thechemicalbondsthatformbetweendrugmoleculeandreceptorareusuallyreversible.Theeasewithwhichdrugandreceptorinteractisinfluencedbythedegreeofcomplementarityoftheirrespectivethree-dimensionalstructures.Forthisreason,minorchemicalmodificationofadrugmayproduceprofoundchangesinitspharmacologicalactivity.,16,Pharmacologyisahybridscience.Itfreelydrawsupontheintellectualresourcesofallthebasicmedicalsciencesandcontributestoeveryaspectofclinicalmedicine.Todayreceptortheoryservesasaunifyingconceptfortheexplanationoftheeffectsofchemicalsonbiologicalsystems,whetherthesechemicalsbeofexogenous(pharmacological)orendogenous(physiological)origin.Ingeneral,adrugproducesaparticulareffectbycombiningchemicallywithsomespecificmolecularconstituent(receptor)ofthebiologicalsystemistherebymodifiedtoproduceameasurableeffect.,17,approachvt.(着手)探讨/处理，（开始）对付behavioraladj.关于行为的；关于态度的biotransformationn.生物转化botanicaladj.植物的，植物学的；n.植物性药材chemotherapeutic(al)adj.化学治疗的；n.化学治疗剂cliniciann.临床医生converseadj.相反的，逆的，颠倒的correlationn.相互关系，关联（作用）delegatev.授权，把委托给；n.代表diagnosisn.诊断（法）edeman.浮肿，水肿embracevt.包含，包括entiretyn.全部/面，整体ethicaladj.伦理的，道德的，（药品）合乎规格的，凭处方出售的,WordStudy,18,excretionn.排泄（物），分泌（物）exploitationn.利用，开发，剥削extrapolatev.推断，推知；to推广到for(e)gov.放弃geneticsn.遗传学immunologicaladj.免疫的，免疫学的insightn.洞察力，洞悉，见识integraladj.完整的，整体的，组成的intensityn.强度，强/剧烈interspeciesn.种类之间，种间intoxicationn.中毒；醉酒invariablyadv.不变地，永恒地；总是justifiablyadv.正当地，有理地，情有可原地parasiten.寄生生物pathologyn.病理学；病理，病状,19,pharmacognosyn.生药学，药材学pharmacotherapeuticsn.药物治疗学，药物疗法practitionern.从业者，专门人才preclinicaladj.临床用以前的，临床前的pregnancyn.怀孕，怀胎，怀孕期provincen.范围，领域，分科ramificationn.分枝，细节，分歧renaladj.肾（脏）的reproducibleadj.能再现的能再复制的，能再生产的salureticadj.（促）尿食盐排泄的n.（促）尿食盐排泄剂selectivityn.选择，精选，选择性shirkv.逃避（义务、责任等），溜掉therapyn.疗法，治疗（力，效果）tolerableadj.可忍受的，可容忍的，可宽恕的,20,Pharmacologyisthescienceaboutstudyingtheeffectsofthedrugsonhumanbody.Thescientistwhostudiesthissubjectispharmacologist.Pharmacologyisnotanindependentresearchofscience,butcloselyrelatedwithothersubjects.Pharmacologistshouldnotonlyknownormalreactionprocesseswithinthehumanbody,butstillunderstandhowthebodyfunctionsareinfluencedbythedisease.,1.研究药物作用于人体的科学叫药理学，研究这门学问的科学家便是药理学家。药理学不是一门能够独立研究的科学，而是与其他学科紧密相关的。药理学家不仅要了解人体内进行的正常反应过程，还应懂得机体功能是怎样受疾病影响的。,21,2.医生和医学生对药理学的理解和要求没有其定义范畴那么广泛。临床医生的主要兴趣在于药物对人类疾病的预防、诊断及治疗，或者在避孕方面所起的作用。,Forthephysiciansandmedicalstudents,theirunderstandingandrequiresforpharmacologyarelessexpansivethanthedefinedscopeofpharmacology.Theclinicianisinterestedprimarilyindrugsthatareusefulintheprevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofhumandiseases,orinthepreventionofpregnancy.,22,3.所有医生都应负起责任解决药品滥用所引起的各种社会问题。药物用得恰当，将是人类的一大福音，用得不当则可能毁了人类。病人（特别是老年病人）经常性使用一种以上治疗药物的话，往往会发生产生毒性药物的相互作用。,Allthecliniciansshouldtakeresponsibilityforallkindsofsocialproblemscausedbydrugabuse.ThedrugswillbeaGospelofthehumaniftheyareusedproperly,whereasimproperuseofdrugmaydestroythehuman.Itwillproducetoxicdruginteractionsthatthepatient(especiallytheelderlypatient)regularlyusesmorethanonedrug.,23,4.以前，医师必须具备很广泛的植物学知识，因为他要懂得挑选恰当的植物的能力和技巧，并将它们制备成简单的药物制剂。,Previously,itwasessentialforthephysiciantohaveabroadbotanicalknowledge,becausehemusthavetheabilityandskillstoselecttheproperplants,andthenpreparethemtosimplemedicinalpreparations.,24,5.对药物的生化生理作用及其活性机制的研究叫做药效学，该学科的独到之处主要在于其关注的要点是药物的特征。药效学作为一门边缘学科，大量借鉴了生理学、生物化学、免疫学、病理学等学科的理论和实验技术。,Thestudyofthebiochemicalandphysiologicaleffectsofdrugsandtheirmechanismsofactionaretermedaspharmacodynamics.Itisuniquemainlyinthatattentionwhichisfocusedonthecharacteristicsofdrugs.Asaborderscience,pharmacodynamicsborrowsfreelyfromboththetheoriesandtheexperimentaltechniquesofphysiology,biochemistry,immunology,andpathology.,25,(a)etiologyn.病因学（病原学，原因论）atopyn.特异反应性benoxaprofenn.苯噁洛芬dexfenfluraminen.右芬氟拉明digoxinn.地高辛（强心剂）felbamaten.非尔氨脂fenfluraminen.(抑制食欲以治疗肥胖)芬氟拉明herbiciden.除草剂impotencen.阳痿intracraniala.头颅内的，颅骨内的lethargyn.昏睡，瞌睡，无力气,26,12.mandatorya.命令的，强制性的13.neonaten.新生儿14.nephropathyn.肾病15.neurolepticn.精神抑制剂，安定药16.pathophysiologyn.病理生理学17.polymorphismn.多晶形，多形性18.practololn.普拉洛尔19.temafloxacinn.替马沙星20.tranquillizern.安定剂，镇定剂21.troglitazonen.曲格列酮22.warfarinn.华法林，双香豆素（抗凝血剂）,27,1.从临床来看，大多数药品的不良反应属于A型不良反应，也就是平常所说的“副作用”。它主要是由药品的主要药理作用或者低治疗指数引起的。这些反应通常症状比较轻缓，一般与不正确的用药剂量有关，因此是可以预测的。,Fromclinicalperspective,mostoftheadversedrugreactionsbelongtotypeAreaction,namelyusual“sideeffects”.Thesereactionsareusuallyaconsequenceofthedrugsmainpharmacologicaleffectoralowtherapeuticindex.Thesereactionsareusuallymildandduetoincorrectdosage,andthereforearepredictable.,28,2.无法从药物的主要药理作用预期到、与药物剂量无关、较严重且死亡率高的不良反应叫做B型不良反应。目前，对B型不良反应潜在的病理生理学的研究还很不足，且该反应类型通常以遗传学和免疫学为基础。,TypeBreactionsarenotpredictablefromthedrugsmainpharmacokineticsaction,arenotdose-relatedandaresevere,withaconsiderablemortality.Atpresent,theunderlyingpathophysiologyoftypeBreactionsispoorlyifatallunderstood,andoftenhasageneticorimmunologicalbasis.,29,3.目前，特定药物之间相互作用导致的不良反应也已有研究。这些药品不良反应可以分为三种类型：C型长期用药导致的连续反应；D型延迟反应；以及E型停药反应。,Atpresent,adversedrugreactionsduetospecificdrug-d