小说的要素 英文ppt.ppt

TheElementsofFiction,Fictionreferstoanyimaginaryworkportrayingcharactersandevents,ElementsoffictionClassificationoffiction:novel,novelette,shortstory.Shortshortstory.,TheElementsInclude:,PlotSymbolism,CharacterTheme,SettingIrony,PointofViewToneandStyle,PLOT,Anauthorsselectionandarrangementofincidentsinastorytoshapetheactionandgivethestoryaparticularfocus.Discussionsofplotincludenotjustwhathappens,butalsohowandwhythingshappenthewaytheydo.,Plotmayhavethreeparts:,RisingActionClimaxFallingAction,RisingAction,Complication(s)createssomesortofconflictfortheprotagonist(themaincharacter).,Climax,themomentofgreatestemotionaltensioninanarrative,usuallymarkingaturningpointintheplotatwhichtherisingactionreversestobecomethefallingaction.,FallingActionorRESOLUTION,theconclusionofaplotsconflictsandcomplications.Theresolutionfollowstheclimaxintheplot.,Character,apersonoranimalsorobjectspresentedinadramaticornarrativework,Aheroorheroine,oftencalledthePROTAGONIST,isthecentralcharacterwhoengagesthereadersinterestandempathy（同感，共鸣）.,TheANTAGONISTisthecharacter,force,orcollectionofforcesthatstanddirectlyopposedtotheprotagonistandgivesrisetotheconflictofthestory.,Astaticcharacterdoesnotchangethroughoutthework,andthereadersknowledgeofthatcharacterdoesnotgrow,whereasadynamiccharacterundergoessomekindofchangebecauseoftheactionintheplot.Aflatcharacterembodiesoneortwoqualities,ideas,ortraitsthatcanbereadilydescribedinabriefsummary.Theyarenotpsychologicallycomplexcharactersandthereforearereadilyaccessibletoreaders.,Someflatcharactersarerecognizedasstockcharacters;theyembodystereotypessuchasthe“dumbblonde”orthe“meanstepfather.”Theybecometypesratherthanindividuals.,Roundcharactersaremorecomplexthanflatorstockcharacters,andoftendisplaytheinconsistenciesandinternalconflictsfoundinmostrealpeople.Theyaremorefullydeveloped,andthereforearehardertosummarize.JourneytotheWest,Characterizationistheprocessbywhichawritermakesthecharacterseemrealtothereader.,MethodsofCharacterization:1.Direct:“hewasanoldman.”(TheOldManandtheSea)2.OwnWordsandActions3.ReactionofotherCharacters4.Physicalappearance5.Ownthoughts,Setting,Thesettingisthephysicalandsocialcontextinwhichtheactionofastoryoccurs.Themajorelementsofsettingarethetime,theplace,andthesocialenvironmentthatframesthecharacters.Settingcanbeusedtoevokeamoodoratmospherethatwillpreparethereaderforwhatistocome.Sometimes,writerschooseaparticularsettingbecauseoftraditionalassociationswiththatsettingthatarecloselyrelatedtotheactionofastory.,PointofView,Referstowhotellsusastoryandhowitistold.Whatweknowandhowwefeelabouttheeventsinaworkareshapedbytheauthorschoiceofpointofview.Thetellerofthestory,thenarrator,inevitablyaffectsourunderstandingofthecharactersactionsbyfilteringwhatistoldthroughhisorherownperspective.,PointofViewissimplywhoistellingthestory.,OmniscientPOV-Thestoryistoldinthirdpersonbyanarratorwhohasunlimitedknowledgeofeventsandcharacters.ThirdPersonLimitedPOV-Thestoryistoldinthirdpersonbutfromtheviewpointofacharacterinthestory.POVislimitedtothecharactersperceptionsandshowsnodirectknowledgeofwhatothercharactersarethinking,feeling,ordoing.*StreamofConsciousness-presentstherandomthoughtsgoingthroughacharactersheadwithinacertainperiodoftime.FirstPersonPOV-Theauthordisappearsintooneofthecharacters.Sharesthelimitationsofthirdpersonlimited.Usesthepronouns“I”and“we”.ObjectivePOV-Recordsonlywhatisseenandheard.Initspurestform,objectivePOVwouldconsistofonlydialogue.Forcestheauthortorefrainfrominterpretation.SecondPersonPOV-Usesthepronoun“you”.Infrequentlyused.,Symbolism,Aperson,object,image,wordoreventthatevokesarangeofadditionalmeaningbeyondandusuallymoreabstractthanitsliteralsignificance.,TypesofSymbols,Conventionalsymbolshavemeaningsthatarewidelyrecognizedbyasocietyorculture.Writersuseconventionalsymbolsforreinforcingmeanings.,Aliteraryorcontextualsymbolcanbeasetting,character,action,object,nameoranythingelseinaworkthatmaintainsitsliteralsignificancewhilesuggestingothermeanings.Suchsymbolsgobeyondconventionalsymbols;theygaintheirsymbolicmeaningwithinthecontextofaspecificstory.,Theme,isthecentralmeaningordominantideainaliterarywork.Athemeprovidesaunifyingpointaroundwhichtheplot,characters,setting,pointofview,symbols,andotherelementsofaworkareorganized.Itisimportantnottomistakethethemefortheactualsubjectofthework;thethemereferstotheabstractconceptthatismadeconcretethroughtheimages,characterization,andactionofthetext.,Irony,aliterarydevicethatusescontradictorystatementsorsituationstorevealarealitydifferentfromwhatappearstobetrue.,Verbalirony（词义反讽）isafigureofspeechthatoccurswhenapersonsaysonethingbutmeanstheopposite.Sarcasmisastrongformofverbalironythatiscalculatedtohurtsomeonethrough,forexample,falsepraise.Tragicironyisaformofdramaticironyfoundintragedies.Situationalirony（情景反讽）existswhenthereisanincongruitybetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactuallyhappensduetoforcesbeyondhumancomprehensionorcontrol.Cosmicirony（宇宙反讽）occurswhenawriterusesGod,destiny,orfatetodashthehopesandexpectationsofacharacterorofhumankindingeneral.Incosmicirony,adiscrepancy（矛盾）existsbetweenwhatacharacteraspirestoandwhatuniversalforcesprovide.,Tone,Theauthorsimplicitattitudetowardthereaderorthepeople,places,andeventsinaworkasrevealedbytheelementsoftheauthorsstyle.Tonemaybecharacterizedasseriousorironic,sadorhappy,privateorpublic,angryoraffectionate,bitterornostalgic,oranyotherattitudesandfeelingsthathumanbeingsexperience.,Style,thedistinctiveanduniquemannerinwhichawriterarrangeswordstoachieveparticulareffects.Styleessentiallycom