医学英文综述的书写.ppt

AbstractforBiomedicalJournal,FunctionofabstractTypesofabstractStructuresandcontentsofabstractTense,voiceandpersoninabstractKeywordsWritingtipsforabstractPatternsandstructuresinabstractTranslation,Function,“Thefunctionoftheabstractofascientificpaperistoprovideanoverviewofthepapersothatthereadersknowthemainstoryandafewessentialdetailsofyourworkwithoutreadingtheholetextofthepaper.Theabstractshouldmakesensebothwhenreadaloneandwhenreadwiththepaper.”-URMSMJ让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补足文体信息的不足为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便中文科技文章的英文摘要还可以起到与外国同行进行学术交流的作用,Type(1),根据内容的不同,摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要。1）报道性摘要(informativeabstract)：也称信息型摘要或资料性摘要。其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。通常,这种摘要可部分地取代阅读全文。2）指示性摘要(indicativeabstract)：也称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要（descriptiveabstract）或论点摘要（topicabstract）。一般只用二、三句话概括论文的主题,而不涉及论据和结论,多用于综述、会议报告等。此类摘要可用于帮助读者决定是否需要阅读全文。,Type(2),3）报道-指示性摘要(informative-indicativeabstract)：以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中信息价值较高的部分,以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。,Indicativeabstractexample1,Autonomouslyfunctioningthyroidadenomainamalewiththyroxine-bindingglobulinexcess:acasereportAmalewiththyroxine-bindingglobulin(TBG)excessandanautonomouslyfunctioningthyroidadenomaispresented.TheproblemofdiagnosinghyperthyroidisminthepresenceofTGBexcessisdiscussed.TheutilityoftheThyrotropin-releasinghormonetest(TRH)isemphasized.,Indicativeabstractexample2,LatedevelopmentofcolorectalcancersubsequenttopelvicirradiationTwocasesofirradiation-associatedcarcinomaofthecolonarereportedandliteraturereviewed.Theclinicalcoursesandoperativedifficultiesintreatingthesepatientsareemphasized.Thenecessityforlife-longfollow-upexaminationswithproctoscopicandbariumenemaevaluationsinhighriskpatientsisstressed.Irradiation-associatedcarcinomaofthecolonoccursalmostexclusivelyinwomen,butshouldbeinvestigatedinpatientsofeithersexwholiveforlongperiodsafterpelvicirradiation.,Type(3),资料性摘要：告诉读者研究的总体情况，使他们了解研究的目的、材料、方法、结果、结论以及存在的问题。资料性摘要分为传统型或非结构式（non-structured）和结构式(structured)两大类型。据报道，现代医学期刊杂志论文中约有60%的资料性摘要采用结构式的写作格式。,Non-structuredabstractexample,Parenteralnutrition-inducedgallbladderdisease:AreasonforearlycholecystectomyPatientswhoreceivelong-termparenteral（不经胃肠的）nutritionhaveanincreasedincidenceofbothcalculousandacalculouscholecystitis.【研究背景用现在时表述】InanattempttoestablishguidelinesforclinicalmanagementofpatientswithTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease,wehavereviewedtherecordsof35patientswhohaveundergonecholecytectomyforthisproblemsince1976attheUCLAMedicalCenter.【目的用过去时或现在时表述】Themeanageofthe23adultsand12childrenwhohadcholecystectomywas29.1years.Fortypercentofthesepatientsrequiredemergencycholecystecotmy.【材料和方法-过去时表述】,Non-structuredabstractexample,Theoveralloperativemorbiditywas54percent,andthehospitalmortalitywas11percent.Significantfactorscontributingtothishighrateofcomplicationsincludedadelayindiagnosis,especiallyintheyoungchildren,andincreasedoperativedifficultyduetoextensiveadhesionsandintraoperativehemorrhage.【结果-过去时表述】Ouranalysissuggeststhatpatientsreceivinglong-termTPNshouldhaveaprogramofultrasoundsurveillanceforgallbladderformation,electivecholecystectomywhenstonesfirstappear,andconsiderationofcholecystectomyatthetimeoflaparotomyperformedforotherreasons.【结论-时态视具体情况】WhetherTPN-inducedgallstonescanbepreventedthroughdailystimulatedgallbladderemptyingawaitsresultsoffuturestudies.【前瞻性说明-现在时或将来时表述】非结构式摘要的主要缺点是：段落不明，给编辑、审稿、阅读及计算机处理带来诸多不便。,Full-structuredabstract,1974年4月，加拿大McMaster大学医学中心的DrRBrianHaynes首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在DrEdwardJHuth创导下，美国内科学记事（AnnualsofInternalMedicine）在国际上率先采用了全结构式（full-structured）摘要。Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素：1.目的（Objective）：说明论文要解决的问题2.设计（Design）：说明研究的基本设计，包括的研究性质3.地点（Setting）：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级4.对象（Patients,participantsorsubjects）：说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法5.处理（Interventions）：说明确切的治疗或处理方法6.主要测定项目（Mainoutcomemeasures）：说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目7.结果（Results）：说明主要客观结果8.结论（Conclusion）：说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义,Full-structuredabstractexample,Objectives:TodeterminewhetheracomputerizeddecisionsupportsystemforinitiationandcontroloforalanticoagulantimprovesqualityofanticoagulantcontrolachievedbytraineedoctorsDesign:RandomizedcontroltrialSetting:DistrictgeneralhospitalinNorthLondonSubjects:148inpatientsrequiringstartofWarfarin(华法灵/苄丙酮香豆素)treatmentInterventions:Managementbytraineedoctors(toachievetherapeuticrangeofinternationalnormalizedrationof2to3)withindirectassistancefromcomputerizeddecisionsupportsystem(interventiongroup)orwithoutsuchassistance(controlgroup)Mainoutcomemeasures:Mediantimetotherapeuticrange,stabledose,andfirastpseudoevent(excessiveinternationalnormalizedratioaftertherapeuticrangehadbeenreached)andpersontimespentinthetherapeuticrange,Full-structuredabstractexample,Results:72patientswererandomizedtotheinterventiongroupand76tocontrolgroup.Mediantimetoreachinternationalnormalizedratioof2wasnotsignificantlydifferentinthetwogroups(3days).Mediantimetoachieveastabledosewassignificantlylowerininterventiongroupthanincontrols(7daysv9days,p0.01)withoutexcessiveovertreatmentorundertreatmentwithanticoagulant.Patientsininterventiongroupspentgreaterproportionoftimeintherapeuticrange,bothasinpatients(59%v52%)andoutpatients(64%v51%).Conclusions:ThecomputerizeddecisionsupportsystemwassafeandeffectiveandimprovedqualityofinitiationandcontrolofWarfarintreatmentbytraineedoctors.,Full-structuredabstract,与非结构式摘要相比，全结构式摘要观点更明确（moreexplicitness），信息量更大（moreinformation），差错更少（fewererrors），同时也更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长,而且不是所有研究都能按以上8个要素分类的。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式（semi-structured）摘要。,Half-structuredabstract,半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括：目的（objective/purpose/aim）、方法（methods）、结果（results）和结论（conclusion），例如：Purpose:Autopsystudieshaveshownthatpregnancyresultsinphysiologicpituitary（垂体的）enlargement.Weusedmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)tocorroboratethesefindingsinvivo.PatientsandMethods:Basedongestationalage,32normalprimigravid(初产的)patientsweredividedintothreegroups:GroupI(n=11),lessthan12gestationalweeks;GroupII(n=10),13to26gestationalweeks,andGroupII(n=11),27gestationalweeksormore.Thepituitarydimensionsandvolumesinthesegroupswerecomparedwiththosein20healthynulliparous（未经产的）women(controlgroup).,Half-structuredabstract,Results:MRImeasurementsshowedasignificantincreaseinpituitaryvolumeinGroupI,IIandIIIwhencomparedwiththecontrolgroup(p0.05).Attheendofpregnancy,thehypothysishadincreased2.6mminvertical,anteroposterior,andtransversedimensions,withoverallincreaseof136percentwhencomparedwiththatofthecontrolgroup.Conclusion:Baselinemeasurementofthenormalenlargementofthepituitaryglandthatoccursduringpregnancycouldproveusefulwhenevaluatingpregnantpatientswithsuspectedpituitarytumorsorlymphocytichypothysitis.,Structureandcontent,采用何种摘要形式要根据各杂志的具体要求而定。目前国内许多杂志正从非结构式摘要向半结构式摘要过度。在国外，为节省篇幅，有些期刊对上述结构式摘要进行了适当简化，如NewEnglandJournalofMedicine，采用背景（background）、方法（methods）、结果（results）、结论（conclusions）4个方面；TheLancet则采用背景（background）、方法（methods）、发现（findings）和解释（interpretation）4个方面。JAMA（TheJournalofAmericanMedicalAssociation）的研究性论文基本上采用结构式摘要，其摘要的全部项目包括9项：背景（context）、目的（objective）、策划（design）、地点（setting）、参与者（participants）、介入手段（interventions）、主要措施（majoroutcomemeasures）、结果（results）、结论（conclusion）。作者可根据需要选用其中项目或将相关项目合并。无论是传统的一段式摘要，还是结构式摘要，实际上都是按照逻辑次序发展而来，没有脱离IMRAD的范畴。,Structureandcontent,一篇摘要并不一定非要包罗背景、目的、策划、方法、结论等全部内容，其中研究过程与结果以及作者结论是关键性的。所以，有的资料性摘要只写研究过程与结果，或只写结论。但大多数资料性摘要同时写出这两方面的内容。置于研究背景与目的以及对未来的展望，相对来说比较次要，可随作者的需要决定。总之，没有一成不变得格局。,Informativeabstractexample1,LowDosageClonidineinMenopausalFlushingInanopenevaluationoflow-doseclonidinetherapyinpatientswithsymptomsofmenopausalflushing,12of17patientswhocompletedthe12-weektrialnotedanimprovementintheircondition;thisimprovementwasmarkedineightpatients.Thegreatestimprovementwasnotedintheperimenopausalgroupofwomenwhosedoserequirementwas25mgthreetimesaday.Postmenopausalwomentendedtobemorerefractorytothetherapyandrequiredlargerdosesforthereliefofsymptoms.,Informativeabstractexample2,Alcoholuse,myocardialinfarction,suddencardiacdeathandhypertensionStudyingcoronaryriskfactors,thisarticleconcludesthat:regularuseofalcoholmayprotectagainstmajorcoronaryevents;regularuseofthreeormoredrinksisprobableriskfactorsforhypertension;therelationsofalcoholusetocoronarydisease,hypertensionandcardiomyopathyaredisparate.,Informativeabstractexample3,MalignanthypertensionandcigarettesmokingThesmokinghabitsof48patientswithmalignanthypertensionwerecomparedwiththose92consecutivepatientswithnon-malignanthypertension.33ofthepatientswithmalignantand34ofthepatientswithnon-malignanthypertensionweresmokerswhenfirstdiagnosed.Thisdifferencewassignificant,andremainedsowhenonlymenorblackandwhitepatientswereconsideredseparately.Resultssuggestthatmalignanthypertensionisyetanotherdiseaserelatedtocigarettesmoking.,Informativeabstractexample4,ImpairedpancreaticpolypeptidereleaseinchronicpancreatitiswithsteatorrhoeaPancreaticpolypeptide(pp)isnewlydiscoveredhormonalpeptidelocalizedinadistinctendocrinecelltypeinthepancreas.PPcirculatesinplasmaandinnormalsubjectslevelsrisesubstantiallyontheingestionoffood(meanrise138pmol/l).In10patientswithchronic,Informativeabstractexample5,MammarycancergrowthkineticsandintervalsbetweenscreeningThepurposeofthisstudywastoconsiderthetimeintervalforperiodicmammographicscreeningforbreastcancer.Onehundredfifteenbreastcancersoccurringin,Informativeabstractexample6,AngiosarcomaoftheheartTwocasesofangiosarcomaoftheheartaredescribed.Inonethetumor,whicharosefromtherightatrium,Informativeabstractexample7,EfficacyofcalcifediolinrenalosteodystrophyTheresultsareinagreementwithpreviousreportsonsmallnumbersofpatients.Althoughnodirectcomparisonstudiesareavailable,itwouldseemthatcalcifediolofferssomeadvantagesoverotherformsofvitaminDtherapyinthesepatients.Ultimately,comparativestudieswillberequiredtodeterminetherelativeefficacyandconvenienceofthevariousformsofvitaminDthatarenowbeingdevelopedforuseinpatients.,Informativeabstractexample7,DoctorsandPatients:GenderInteractioninConsultationBackground:Method:Results:Conclusion:Medicalstudentsdidnotbehaveinagender-neutralwayintheconsultation.Thereisapowerfulinteractionbetweenastudentsgenderandapatientsgender.Thiswarrantsfurtherinvestigationintherealclinicalsituationbecauseithasimplicationsontheoutcomesoftheconsultation.,Type(4),资料性摘要有时也掺杂描述性摘要的写法，即对部分内容不详细叙述，而是按通报性摘要的写法提示一下。,Informative-indicativeabstractexample,ModificationandapplicationofanteriorskullbasemicrosurgerywithnavigationsystemObjective:Toinvestigatetheaccuracyandsafetyofthemodifiedtechniquesinanteriorskullbasemicrosurgerywithnavigationsystem.Methods:Operationwasperformedupon42patientswithbenignandmalignanttumorofanteriorskullbaseinvolvingbothcerebralcranium.Arrangementwasdesignedforstablemaintenanceoftheheadsetwithdynamicreferenceframetoavoiddisturbanceduringemissionofencodedinfraredsignal.Sixreferencepointswereused,distributedintheparietal,frontal,zygomatic,maxillary,andmastoidregions.TheSTNnavigationsystemandSMNsurgical,Informative-indicativeabstractexample,microscopenavigatorwereusedtoprovidevirtualpointer,virtualapproachrouteandvirtualcontourasanorientationforstereotaxicguidanceduringsurgery.Results:Themodifiedtechniquecouldkeeptheaccuracyofsurgicalguidancewithin1-1.5mmincomparisonwiththeaccuracyof4mmormorebytheoriginaldesign,thusguaranteeingthesafetyofsurgery.Conclusion:Themodifiedtechniquesraisetheaccuracyandsafetyofanteriorskullbasemicrosurgery.However,thecostsremainhigh.,Tense(1),摘要写作时所采用的时态应视表达内容而定，力求表达自然、妥当。写作中可大致遵循以下原则：1.介绍背景资料时，如果句子的内容为不受时间影响的普遍事实，应使用现在时；如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述，则使用现在完成时；如果句子的内容是对过去研究的描述，则用过去时。Pneumaticdilatationandsurgicalmyotomyarethetwoprincipalmethodsfortreatmentofachalasia.Theassociationbetweensystolicbloodpressureatadmission,clinicalcharacteristics,andoutcomesinpatientshospitalizedforheartfailurehasnotbeenwellstudied.,Tense(2),Previously,abnormalitiesin5-HTreceptorbindinginthemadullaeofinfantsdyingformsuddeninfantdeathsyndromewereidentified,suggestingthatmedullary5-HTdysfunctionmayberesponsibleforasubsetofSIDScases.2.在资料性摘要中，介绍本文的主题或内容用一般现在时表达。Threecasesofruptureofthespleenaredescribed.Thediagnosisisdiscussed.Currentopinionsconcerningtumorbiologyandclinicalcharacteristicsofsmallcellundifferentiatedbronchogeniccarcinomaarereviewed.Aseriesof16suchpatientsisalsopresented.,Tense(5),3.目的主导时态：一般过去时。这是因为研究过程中所做的一切已成为过去，在着手研究前要确定的研究目的更应用过去时态。ThisstudywasundertakentoTheaimofthisstudywastocorrelateInthepresentstudywesoughttoassess如果采用“论文导向”，多使用现在式（如：Thispaperpresents/describes）；如果采用“研究导向”，则使用过去式（如：Thisstudyinvestigated）,Tense(6),4.方法主导时态：一般过去时Researchersdesignedaquestionnairethatinquiredaboutdietandfamilyandpersonalhealthhistoryandtheresultofsurgerywerestudiedin34patientsofhepatocellularcarcinoma.Wehadconcentratedonavaccinecandidatebecauseofitspotentialin方法中被动语态的使用频率较高,是因为描述研究方法时,涉及到实验材料、设备等，用这些词作主语，后面的胃语动词自然多用被动语态。,Tense(7),5.结果结果是摘要中最重要，也是最详尽的内容。结果部分主要叙述研究中所获得的资料及所观察到的现象，这一切均发生在作者撰写论文之前，常用一般过去时。如果是叙述客观存在或基本规律，可用一般现在时。Thesepatientshadclinicalremissionaftertransplantation;thelevelsofimmnoglobulinsdeclinedandcomplementsroseup.,Tense(4),6.文章的结论源于结果，即是由具体“结果”抽象演绎出的一般性原理，按英语习惯，应该用一般现在时表达。叙述结论或建议时，还可以用臆测动词或may,should,could等助动词。Theriskofacuterenalfailureinchildrenismuchlessthantheriskreportedforadults.WesuggestthattherearecertainnicheindicationsforblockingNF-kappaBininflammatoryboweldiseasethatofferparticularpromise.NO-cGMPsignalpathwaycouldgreatlyincreasetheopenprobabilityofthechannels.但是，如果作者认为其研究结果不具有一般性而仅仅是本实验的结果，在结论部分可用一般过去时。,Voiceandperson(1),国际标准ISO214-1976(E)文献工作-供出版及文献处理的文摘中指出：“尽量采用主动语态，因为主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及有力地表达。然而在提示性以及报道性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，也需被动态动词。”标准强调：“除非采用第一人称可避免语句结构繁琐累赘而更易于理解，一般应采用第三人称。”国际知名期刊Nature、Cell等尤其如此，其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。究竟采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。,Voiceandperson(2),(1)英文摘要中，编者、著作者，无论单复数，常用复数第一人称We或Authors，以避免文字冗长及动词与动作执行者之间的关系表达不清。我们报道了一例肾盂淀粉样变性与两例膀胱淀粉样变性，并讨论了蛋粉样蛋白形成的免疫学及淀粉样变性的治疗问题。Wedescribeapatientwithamyloidosisofrenalpelvisandtwopatientswithurinarybladderamyloidosis,anddiscussimmunologyofamyloidformationandtreatmentofamyloidosis.,Voiceandperson(3),(2)用thisreport,thispaper,thisstudy等替代第一人称代词We或Authors。我们报道了一种评价睡眠性呼吸暂停的方法，并介绍了用该方法对两例患者详细研究的结果。Thispaperreportsamethodofevaluatingsleepapnea,andpresentstwocasesfullystudiedbythismethod.(3)表达论文主要内容内容和结论，常用第一人称主动语态。我们报道两例心脏血管肉瘤。Wedescribetwocasesofangiosarcomaoftheheart.,Voiceandperson(4),我们的结论是内镜超声对食管癌术前TN病理诊断颇有帮助。WeconcludethatendoscopicUSisusefulinpreoperativeTNstagingofesophagealtumors.(4)在英文摘要中使用第一人称主动语态比较常见，但为了强调动作承受者，突出行为对象，着重客观事实的叙述，一般用第三人称，句中谓语动词常用被动语态。对35例早期胃癌的治疗结果进行了分析。Theresultsoftreatmentofearlygastriccarcinomawereanalyzedin35patients.,Person(3),“我”的表达方法1.“We”Westillconsider,duetotheabove,that2.被动态Twocasesofangiosarcomaoftheheartaredescribed.3.用theauthor代表I，theauthors代表weTheauthorpresentstheexperiencewithTheauthorsreporttheirexperiencewithThis4.thisstudy,thisreport,thispaper,thisarticleThisstudyreportsourfirstyearsexperienceofThisreportdescribesapatientwithThisarticledescribestheuniquebehaviorof,Keyword(1),关键词(KeyWords)，亦称索引词或主题词，是论文的提示，是论文中常出现的、与主题内容有关的，提醒读者注意的核心词汇，使具有实质意义的检索语言。关键词的选用范围：1）论文标题和摘要中所涉及的主题概念，即核心词；2）作者重点研究或寻求解决的主要问题，即文章论述的重点、研究目的或对象；3）实验或临床研究课题及其直接的研究目的、手段和结论；4）讨论部分的主要内容5）基础理论研究方面的论文应列出反映主要论点和论据的词汇。,Keyword(2),关键词一般选用名词、名词短语或复合词，而不选用动词、形容词、缩略语等。关键词可能是单词，也可能是短语，如：transforminggrowthfactor.关键词的标引方法：每篇论文标引3-10个关键词，使用规范化词语，应尽量选用中国医学科学院信息研究所翻译出版的医学文献索引（IndexMedicus,IM）中的医学主题词表(MedicalSubjectHeadings,MeSH)和中国中医研究院图书情报研究所编制的中医药主题词表中所列的词，这两部主题词表共收录正式主题词20,000余条，副主题词90余条及以后每年新增加的主题词或词典提供的规范词。,Keyword(3),例如：淋巴癌，按照MeSH词表，应译成Lymphoma,如将其译成Lymphcancer/tumor/cyst，或Lymphcarcinoma/neoplasm就不规范。关键词的书写格式：排列关键词时，各词之间可用分号“；”隔开，最末一个词后不加符号；在关键词之间也可不用标点符号。多数医学期刊要求每个关键词的首字母大写，有的要求全部大写。对“关键词”的英文表述，多数医学期刊用“KeyWords”，但有些医学期刊用“MeSH”，“SubjectiveWords/Headings”，“KEYINDEXINGTERMS”等。因此，向杂志投稿时，应事先了解其编写要求。,Abstract(1),GeneralSuggestions:Itisa“window”thatrevealsthecontentsofthemanuscript.Exceptforstructuredabstracts(morecommonnowadays),itisasingleparagraph.Limitedlength:250wordsItshouldsummarizeeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper,includingthefollowing:thebackground(1-3sentences)thehypothesis(1sentence)modelsystemsusedgeneralmethodsashortdescriptionoftheresultsastatementregardingthesignificanceofthework,Session7,Abstract(2),GeneralSuggestions:Itshouldbecompleteandintelligiblewithoutreferencetothetext.Generally,itshouldbewritteninthepasttense,especiallymethodsandresults.Withinthespaceallowed,allkeyfindingsshouldbeincluded.Itshouldordinarilybewrittenafterasemi-finaldraftofthemanuscripthasbeenprepared.Incontrasttoameetingabstract,theabstractforamanuscriptshouldordinarilynotincludeactualdatavalues.,Session7,Abstract(3),GeneralSuggestions:Ingeneral,citationsshouldnotbeincluded.Ingeneral,abbreviationsarenotincluded,unlessthesame,longtermisusedrepeatedly.(Abbreviateatthefirstuseinthetext)Termsincludedintheabstractwillbeincludedinvariousdatabasesforliteraturesearches.ImportanceoftheAbstract:Itscontentscanestablishtheinterestoftheeditorandreviewersandwilldetermineifthereaderactuallyreadsthemanuscript.Editorswilloftenusetheabstracttodeterminewhetherthepapershouldbereviewedfortheirjournal.Afterthepaperispublished,readersmayreadonlytheabstract.,Session7,Abstract(4),Includeinthissection:BackgroundforthestudyThepurposeofthestudySufficientdetailstoallowthereadertounderstandwhatthemanuscriptisaboutandwhatthemajorpointsare(Experimentaldetailswouldinclude,forexample,thenumberoftestsubjectsandcontrols,speciesofanimals,drugdosagesandroutesofadministration,andtumoryields.)Majorfindings(newandimportant)PrincipalconclusionsAnyitems/sectionsrequiredbythetargetjournal,Session7,Abstract(5),DoNotIncludeinthissection:UnnecessaryabbreviationsDetailedresults(includingnumericalvaluesfordata)Statisticalvalues(p-values)forthefindingsOverstatementofthesignificanceExtremewordsVaguestatements,suchas,“Thesignificanceoftheresultsisdiscussed”or“Futurestudiesareneeded.”,Session7,Abstract(6),CommonProblems:NotexcitingToolongortooshortToomuchbackgroundinformationNotenoughinformationabouttheresultsUnnecessarycitationsExcessivenumericaldataInconsistencywithotherpartsofthetextToomuchdiscussionorspeculation,Session7,Abstract(7),Example:Down-regulationofp53byMDM2-mediatedproteasomaldegradationmakescellsresistanttoapoptosis.TheMDM2-p53interactioniswellcharacterized,buttheme