文体学复习.doc

文体学复习Unit One1. Stylistics: A discipline that studies the ways in which language is used；it is a discipline that studies the styles of language in use.2. Subdivision of Stylistics: General and LiteraryUnit Two1. Why should we study Stylistics?A. It helps cultivate a sense of appropriateness.B. It sharpens the understanding and appreciation of literary works.C. It helps achieve adaptation in translation.Unit Three1. Dialects: Language variations that are associated with different users of the language.2. Registers: Language variations that are associated with the different use to which they are put.3. Patterns of Dialects: Individual; Temporal; Regional; Social and Standard, among which Social dialect can be further divided into socioeconomic status, ethnic, gender and age variety.4. Patterns of Registers: Field of discourse; Mode of discourse and Tenor of discourse.Unit 51. Formality: It refers to the way in which the style of language will vary in appropriateness according to the social context: the occasion and the relationship between addresser and addressee.2. Two main factors that vary the degree of formality: Functional Tenor and Speech Situation.Functional Tenor : tells us the addressers intention of using the language.Speech Situation: In order to choose an appropriate spot on the continuum, the speaker must assess the “speech situation”-the setting, purpose, audience, social relations, and topic.3. Martin Joos ClassificationA. the frozen level: written legal documents or highly solemn speech.B. the formal level: used for public address such as lectures or speeches where the audience is not known to the speaker personally or where personal acquaintance is not acknowledged. C. the consultative level: Less formal gatherings such as committee meetings where status is still fairly clearly designed, but where participants interact.D. the casual level: Among friends, or peers who know each other well enough that little elaboration is necessary.E. the intimate level: between people who see each other daily and share the majority of their daily life experiences.Unit 61. Distinctions among speech: Speech can be spontaneous (conversing v. monologuing) and non-spontaneous (sub-categorized as reciting).2. Distinctions among writing: The text that has been written may be written to be spoken as if not written (the lines in a drama), written to be spoken (scripts for sermons, speeches, lectures, news bulletins and commentaries), or even written not necessarily to be spoken with no relation to the spoken mode (telephone book or dictionaries), and written not necessarily to be spoken but with a relationship with the spoken mode(dialogue in a novel) .Unit 7 Conversation1. Grammatical features of conversationA. preference for short and loose sentencesB. high incidence of elliptical and incomplete sentencesC. frequency of interrogative sentencesD. simple nominal and verbal group structure2. Lexical featuresA. preference for short words and vague expressionB. frequent use of colloquial items and idioms and a great many phrasal verbsC. use of lexical hyperbole and of slang3. Phonological featuresA. frequent use of some basic prosodic pattern( There is a high proportion of simple falling tones.)B. prosodic variation within the tone-unitC. frequency of pause and uneven tempoD. free occurrence of paralinguistic effects4. Semantic featuresA. randomness of subject matter and general lack of planningB. cohesive device is very marked by the frequent use of personal pronoun reference, cross-reference using articles and determiners and use of coordinating conjunction.Unit 8 Public Speech1. Grammatical features of public speechA. variation in sentence length, as it reflects the emotional state of mind of the speaker and his/her effort to evoke an active response from the audience.B. various sentence types( most of them are statements, occasional questions are used; vocatives are used to add a touch of intimacy to the addresser-addressee relationship)C. more complex-looking group structures(nominal groups are more with postmodification than with premodification. 2. Lexical featuresA. using accurate and clean words( much use of abstract words or even big words) B. adaptation of wording to particular audienceC. less use of phrasal verbs3. Phonological featuresA. appropriate volume and pitch variationB. varying tempo and rightly time pauseC. rhythmic effectD. distinct articulationE. full use of non-verbal communication4. semantic featuresA. effective ways of organization( problem-solution order)Five steps of psychology of persuasion:Attention-Need-Satisfaction-Visualization-Action. Connectives in public speaking: the use of transitional phrases, internal previews and summaries, and the use of signpostsB. effective ways of deliveryparallelism: makes the statement clear, consistent and compellingantithesis: lends extra impact to the statementrepetition: helps create a strong emotional effecta. synonym: add force, clearness or balance to a sentenceb. alliteration: spruce up speechesUnit 9 Advertising1. Functions of AdvertisingA. marketing roleB. educational roleC. economic roleD. social role2. Two types of newspaper ads: display and classified3. Graphological featuresA. full use of graphological contrastsB. prominent use of picturesC. clear identification of the advertiser4. Grammatical featuresA. preference for short sentencesB. combined use of various types of sentencesC. use of simple verbal groupsD. use of heavily modified nominal groups5. Lexical featuresA. wide use of affirmative and commendatory words and expressionsa. Comparisons are many in advertising, usually to affirm the improvement made to a product or service.b. Most prominent is the use of a large number of adjectivesB. Frequent use of personal pronounsC. Extensive use of neologisms6. Semantic featuresA. heavy reliance on overall layoutFive parts of components: the headline, the body, the illustration, the signature and the epigrammatic slogan.B. high attention to positioning and themeC. use of rhetorical devisesa. repetitionb. parallel structurec. metaphorical uses of languaged. allusions and puns7. Conspicuous features of business-to-business advertising: Business copy tens to be longer, more detailed and more factual. Emphasis is placed on accuracy and completeness.文体学复习（二）Unit 10 News Report1. General features A. simple, easy-to-understand languageB. The need to be compact, and clear, and interesting poses particular demand on the graphological design of headlines on the peculiar arrangement of events, and on the clarity, directness and vividness of language.2. Graphological feature: contrast in headlines3. Grammatical featuresA. alternating use of long and short statement-type sentencesB. frequent use of inverted sentence structure and expanded simple sentencesC. use of heavy modified nominal groups: the presence of much complex pre-and post-modification of the nominal group in this variety of EnglishD. use of simple verbal groups4. Lexical featuresA. preference for journalistic words and set expressionsB. wide use of neologisms: words with extended meaning nonce-wordscoinageswords borrowed extensively from sports and technology, gambling, ect.C. extensive use of abbreviationsD. avoidance of superlatives and tarnished word ornamentsE. avoidance of unobjective wording5. Semantic featuresA. distinctive discourse patternB. simple way of transitionC. skilful headlininga. Headlines play a vital part in drawing the readers attention to the news story.b. Rhetorically, headlines seek novelty and humor by intriguing arrangements of words and phrases, alluding, punning and various figurative use of language whenever there is a chance.Unit 11 Science and Technology1. three abbreviations: A. EST= the English of science and technologyB. ESST= the English of specialized science and technologyC. ECST= the English of common science and technology2. General feature: impersonal formal style very high concentration of technical terms and a number of mathematical symbols.3. Grammatical featuresA. more use of longer and statement-type sentencesB. preference for impersonal sentence patternsa. frequent use of sentences introduced by an anticipatory Itb. frequent use of passive structureC. wide use of non-finite structure and prepositional phrasesD. use of expanded premodification: Nominal groups in EST are characterized by expanded noun premodification.E. tendency to nominalization: Nominalization is another way of making sentences compact, impersonal and formal.F. wide use of the simple present tense: When scientists make statements which they believe to be true at all times and in all places, they use the simple present tense. G. incidence of subjunctive mood: when explaining a problem or a phenomenon.4. Lexical Features: unique vocabulary and use of common words with accurate and dispassioned meaningA. specific use of highly-technical wordsHighly-technical words: Specialized vocabulary for a given scientific discipline. They are words with precise, narrow meanings unique to the discipline.B. wide use of semi-technical wordsSemi-technical words: Words which are used both in ordinary English and in EST writings. Those words have different specific meanings in their different technical fields.C. unique use of non-technical words and expressions: In order to avoid ambiguity or imprecision of more commonly used words with the same apparent meanings, scientists and engineers tend to use words and expressions with meanings which are seldom used outside EST.D. frequent use of abbreviations, symbols, formulae, and charts5. Semantic featuresA. wide use of connectives: a. Backward reference with use of pronoun it, the definite article the and the demonstrative this.b. Noun repetitionc. Summarizing nouns or thisd. Transitional words or phrasesB. scarcity of rhetorical devises: EST writings aims at an impersonal, objective way of exposition. So clarity and accuracy is most important of their quality, ad avoidance of ornamental or ambiguous expression is a must.6. Features of spoken EST: Most striking is its similarity with its corresponding written form: both are formal, though the spoken form can be less formal and is often endowed with features common to spoken varieties of all fields.Unit 12 Legal Documents1. General Feature: The field of legal documents covers a wide range, including statutes, decrees, legal provisions, economic contracts, commodity warranty, etc. But all of these have a same functional tenor, that is they are concerned with imposing of obligations and conferring of rights. And their personal tenor is the samver formal, even dignified.2. Graphological featuresA. use of different typeB. peculiar arrangement of blocksC. limited range of punctuation3. Grammatical featuresA. tendency to long sentences: Legal English tends to put all such sequences into the form of very complex sentences capable of standing alone.B. wide use of statement type sentences: As is the nature of legal documents, most of the sentences are statements with no questions and only an occasional command as is used at the end of a document.C. preference for complex postmodification in the nominal group: Legal English is highly nominalmany of its features operate within its nominal groups. Heavy use of postmodification is an effort to suit the need for exactness of expression so as to rule out any possible misinterpretation.D. use of simpler verbal groups: Compared with nominal group, verbal groups in legal documents are structurally simple. Often seen is the type “ modal auxiliary (often shall) +be+past participle” or “modal auxiliary (often shall or may) +be or do”4. Lexical FeaturesA. frequent employment of archaic words and phrases: hereby, herein, hereof.B. more use of Romance than Germanic words: What is particularly distinctive is the use of French and Latin legal terms.a. instance=a formal legal documentb. deed=a signed and usually sealed document containing some legal transfer, bargain or contract.c. principal=a corpus of estated. whereas=considering that5. Semantic featuresA. Preference for lexical repetition to pronoun reference: Legal documents tend to use lexical repetition a the formal device to link their long and self-contained sentences. Therefore, pronoun reference is scarce and verbal groups are also repeated.B. wide use of conjunctional phrases and parallel structure: a. Coordination of words and phrases are another remarkable feature of legal texts: last will and testament, children and issue, heirs and devisees.b. Parallel structure is prominent in enumerating concrete terms and conditions of a policy or contract.C. Tendency to meticulous way of expression: Another way to achieve exactness of reference and to evade any possible misinterpretation is to be extremely detailed in expression lest there should arise anything disputable concerning the stipulations in rights or obligations. For example, person-means a natural person and not a corporation, partnership, association or business name. Unit 131. genre: Interesting framework which literary texts appear inthe forms of poetry, novels, dramas which writers use. 2. General feature: The language of literature is not simply used for communication or even expression; it is also used as an artistic medium to create images, to bring out the rich multi-level meaning and thematic significance of a literary work. 3. Difference between literary language and ordinary languageA. Normal use of language tends to be clearly referential, while literary language tends to be richer in its connotations.B. Everyday language tends to perform an informative function, while literary language tends to perform an affective function.C. Literary language contains a higher occurrence of special or deviant features than nonliterary varieties and also shows a higher incidence of the whole of the resources available to all the members of a speech community. D. Literary expression is an enhancement, or a creative emancipation of the resources of language which we use from day to day. E. Modern poets can even manage to reproduce the local or social flavor of everyday language. F.