三维数控工作台的设计与开发【含CAD高清图纸和文档】【GC系列】
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附录一Mechanical Engineering in the Information AgeIn the early 1980s,engineers thought that massive research would be needed to speed up product development.As it turns out ,less research is actually needed because shortened product development cycles encourage engineers to use available technology.Developing a revolutionary technology for use in a new product is risky and prone to failure .Taking shot steps is a safer and usually more successful approach to product development.Shorter product development cyclys are also beneficial in an engineering world in which both captical and labor are global.People who can design and manufacture various products can be found anywhere in the world,but containing a new idea is hard.Geographic distance is no longer a barrier to others finging out about your development six months into the process.If you are got a short development cycle,the situation is not catastrophic-as long as you maintain your lead,But if you are in the midist of a six-year development process and a competitor gets wind of your work,the project could be in more serious trouble. In one respect, manufacturing could be said to be coming full circle. The first manufacturing was a cottage industry: the designer was also the manufacturing, conceiving and fabricating products one at a time. Eventually, the concept of the interchangeability of parts was developed, production was separated into separated into specialized functions, and identical parts were produced thousands at a time.Today, although the designer and manufacturing may not become one again, the functions are being drawn close in the movement toward an integrated manufacturing system.It is perhaps ironic that, at a time when the market demands a high degree of product diversification, the necessity for increasing productivity and reducing cost is driving manufacturing toward integration into a coherent system, a continuous process in which parts do not spend as much as 95% of production time being moved around or waiting to be worked on.The computer is the key to each of these twin requirements. It is the only tool that can provide the quick reflexes, the flexibility and speed, to meet a diversified market. And it is the only tool that enables the detailed analysis and the accessibility of accurate data necessary for the integration of the manufacturing system.Today, nearly every market is a niche market, because customers are selective. If you ignore the potential for tailoring your product to specific customers needs, you will lose the major part of your market share perhaps all of it. Since these niche markets are transient, your company needs to be in a position to respond to them quickly.The emergence of niche markets and design on demand has altered the way engineers conduct research. Today, research is commonly directed toward solving particular problems. Although this situation is probably temporary, much uncommitted technology, developed at government expense or written off by major corporations, is available today at very low cost. Following modest modifications, such technology can often be used directly in product development, which allows many organizations to avoid the expense of an extensive research effort. Once the technology is free of major obstacles, the research effort can focus on overcoming the barriers to commercialization rather than on pursuing new and interesting, but undefined, alternatives.When viewed in this perspective, engineering research must focus primarily on removing the barriers to rapid commercialization of known technologies. Much of this effort must address quality and reliability concerns, which are foremost in the minds of today consumers. Clearly, a reputation for poor quality is synonymous with bad business. Everything possibleincluding thorough inspection at the end of the manufacturing line and automatic replacement of defective productsmust be done to assure that the customer receives a properly functioning product.Research has to focus on the cost benefit of factors such as reliability. As reliability increase, manufacturing costs and the final cost of the system will decrease. Having 30 percent junk at the end of a production line not only costs a fortune but also creates an opportunity for a competitor to take your idea and sell it to your customers.Central to the process of improving reliability and lowering costs is the intensive and widespread use of design software, witch allows engineers to speed up every stage of the design process. Shortening each stage, however, may not sufficiently reduce the time required for the entire process. Therefore, attention must also be devoted to concurrent engineering software with shared databases that can be accessed by all members of the design team.As we move more fully into the information Age, success will require that the engineer process some unique knowledge of and experience in both the development and the management of technology. Success will require broad knowledge and skills as well as expertise in some key social and economic factors at work in the marketplace. Increasingly, in the future, routine problems will not justify heavy engineering expenditures, and engineers will be expected to work cooperatively in solving more challenging, more demanding problems in substantially less time. We have begun a new phase in the practice of engineering. It offers great promise and excitement as more and more problem-solving capability is placed in the hands of the computerized and unquenched thirst for better products and systems must be matched by the joy of creation that marks all great engineering endeavors. Mechanical engineering is a great profession, and it will become even greater as we make the most of the opportunities offered by the Information Age.It may well be that, in the future, the computer may be essential to a companys survival. Many of todays businesses will fade away to be replaced by more productive combinations. Such more-productive combinations are super quality, super productivity plants. The goal is to design and operate a plant that would produce 100% satisfactory parts with good productivity.A sophisticated, competitive world is requiring that manufacturing begin to settle for more, to become itself sophisticated. To meet competition, for example, a company will have to meet the somewhat conflicting demands for greater product diversification, higher quality, improved productivity, and low prices.The company that seeks to meet these demands will need a sophisticated tool, one that will allow it to respond quickly to customer needs while getting the most out of its manufacturing resources.The computer is that tool.Becoming a “super quality, super productivity” plant requires the integration of an extremely complex system. This can be accomplished only when all elements of manufacturing-design, fabrication and assembly，quality assurance, management, materials handlingare computer integrated.In product design, for example, interactive computer-aided-design (CAD) systems allow the drawing and analysis tasks to be performed in a fraction of the time previously required and with greater accuracy. And programs for prototype testing and evaluation further speed the design process.In manufacturing planning, computer-aided process planning permits the selection, from thousands of possible sequences and schedules, of the optimum process.On the shop floor, distributed intelligence in the form of microprocessors controlled machines, runs automated loading and unloading equipment, and collects data on current shop conditions.But such isolated revolutions are not enough. What is needed is a totally automated system, linked by common software from front door to back.The benefits range throughout the system. Essentially, computer integration provides widely and instantaneously available, accurate information, improving communication between departments, permitting tighter control, and generally enhancing the overall quality and efficiency of the entire system.Improved communication can mean, for example, designs that are more producible. The NC programmer and the tool designer have a chance to influence the product designer, and vice versa.Engineering changes, thus, can be reduced, and those that are required can be handled more efficiently. Not only dose the computer permit them to be specified more quickly, but it also alerts subsequent users of the data to the fact that a change has been made.The instantaneous updating of production-control data permits better planning and more effective scheduling. Expensive equipment, therefore, is used more productively, and parts move more efficiently through production, reducing work-in-process costs.Product quality, too, can be improved. Not only are more-accurate designs produced, for example, but the use of design data by the quality-assurance department helps eliminate errors due to misunderstandings.People are enabled to do their jobs better. By eliminating tedious calculations and paperworknot to mention time wasted searching for informationthe computer not only allows workers to be more productive but also frees then to do what only human beings can do: think creatively.Computer integration may also lure new people into manufacturing. People are attracted because they want to work in a modern, technologically sophisticated environment.In manufacturing engineering, CAD/CAM decreases tool design, NC-programming, and planning times while speeding the response rate, which will eventually permit in-house staff to perform work that is currently being contracted out.Computers have been used in nearly every manufacturing job. Computers improve the efficiency, accuracy, and productivity of many manufacturing processes. Just like the other tools and machines, computers extend human capabilities and make some jobs easier. Every department in manufacturing has found a use for computers.In the management department, supervisors and managers use computers to gather information about the progress of work in all the other departments. In marketing, researchers, advertisers, and sales people use computers to get data on potential buyers, to study market research, and to create advertisements.As we move more fully into the Information Age,success will require that the engineer possess some unique knowledge of and experience in both the development and the management of technology.Success will require broad knowledge and skills as well as expertise in some key technologies and disciplines;it will also require a keen awareness of the social and economica factors at work in the marketplace.Increasingly,in the future,routine problems will not justify heavy engineering expenditures,and engineers will be expected to work cooperatively in solving more challenging,more demanding problems in substantially less time.It offers great promise and excitement as more and more problem-solving capability is placed in the hands of the computerized and wired engineer.We have begun a new phase in the practice of engineering.Mechanical engineering is a great profession,ang it will become even greater as we make the most of the opportunities offered by the Information Age.信息时代的机械工程在80年代初工程师们曾经认为要加快产品的研制开发，必须进行大量的研究工作。结果是实际上只进行了较少的见就工作，这是因为产品开发周期的缩短，促使工程师们尽可能地利用现有的技术。研制开发一种创新行得技术并将其应用在新产品上，是有风险的，并且易于招致失败。在产品开发过程中采用较少的步骤是一种安全的和易于成功的方法。对于资金和人力都处于全球性环境中的工程界而言，缩短产品研制开发周期也是有益的。能够设计和制造各种产品的人可以在世界各地找到。但是，具有创新思想的人则比较难找。对于你已经进行了6个月的研制开发工作，地理上的距离已经不再是其他人发现他的障碍。如果你的研制周期较短，只要你仍然保持领先，这种情况并不会造成严重后果。但如果你正处于一个长达6年的研制开发过程的中期，一个竞争对手了解到你的研究工作的一些信息，这个项目将面临比较大的麻烦。从某一方面可以说，制造业正在完成一个循环。最初的制造业是家庭手工业：设计者本身也是制造者，产品的构思和加工由同一个人来完成。后来，形成了零件的互换性这个概念，生产被依照专业功能分割开来，可以成批地生产数以千计的相同零件。今天，尽管设计者与制造者不可能再是同一个人，但在向集成制造系统前进的途中，这两种功能已经越来越靠近了。可能具有讽刺意味的是，在市场需求高度多样化产品的时候，提高生产率和降低成本的必要性促使制造业朝着集成为单调关联系统方向变化。这是一个连续的过程，在其中零件不需要花费多达95%的生产时间用在运输和等待加工上。计算机是满足这两项要求中的任何一项的关键。它是能够提供快速反应能力、柔性和满足多样化市场的唯一工具。而且，它是实现制造系统集成所需要的、能够进行详细分析和利用精确数据的唯一工具。将来，计算机可能是一个企业生存的基本条件，许多现今的奖杯生产能力更高的企业组合所取代。这些生产能力更高的企业组合是一些具有非常高的质量、非常高的生产率的工厂。目标是的设计和运行一个能以高生产率的方式生产100%合格产品的工厂。一个采用先进技术的、竞争的世界正在促进制造业开始做更多的工作，使其本身采用先进的技术。为了适应竞争，一个公司会满足一些在某种程度上相互矛盾的要求，诸如产品多样化、提高质量、增加生产率、降低价格。在努力满足这些要求的过程中，公司需要一个采用先进技术的工具，一个能够对顾客的需求做出快速反应，而且从制造资源中获得最大收益的工具。计算机就是这个工具。成为一个具有“非常高的质量、非常高的生产率”的工厂，需要对一个非常复杂的系统进行集成。这只是通过采用计算机对机械制造的所有组成部分设计、加工、装配、质量保证、管理和材料装卸及输送进行集成才能完成。例如，在产品设计期间，交互式的计算机辅助设计系统使得完成绘图和和分析工作所需要的时间比原来减少，而且精确程度得到了很大的提高。此外，样机的实验与评价程序进一步加快了设计进程。 在制定制造计划时，计算机辅助编制工艺规程可以从数以千计的工序和加工过程中选择最好的加工方案。在车间里，分布式智能以微机处理器这种方式来控制机床、从总自动装卸设备和收集关于当前车间状态的信息。但是这些各自独立的改革还远远不够。我没所需要的是由一个通用软件从始端到终端进行控制的全部自动化的系统。整个系统都会从中受益。基本上，计算机集成可以提供广泛的、及时地和精确度的信息，可以改进各部门之间的交流与沟通，实施更严格的控制，而且通常能够增强整个系统的全面质量和效率。例如，改进交流和沟通意味着会使设计具有更好的可制造性。数控编程人员和工艺装配设计人员有机会向产品设计人员提出意见，反之亦然。因而可以减少技术方面的变更，而对于那些必要的变更，可以更有效地进行处理。计算机不仅能够更快地对变更之处做出详细的说明，而且还能够把变更之后的数据告诉随后的使用者。利用及时更新的生产控制数据可以制定更好的工艺规程和更有效率的生产进度。因而，可使昂贵的设备得到更好的利用，提高零件在生产过程中的运送效率，减少在制品的成本。产品质量也可得到改进。例如，不仅可以提高设计精度，还可以是质量保证部门利用设计数据，避免由于误解而产生错误。可使人们更好的完成他们的工作。通过避免冗长的计算和书写工作这还不算查找资料所浪费的时间计算机不仅使人们更有效的工作，而且还能把他们解放出来去做只有人类才能做的工作：创造性的思考计算机集成制造还会吸引新的人才进入制造业。人才被吸引过来的原因是他们希望到一个现代化的、技术先进的环境中工作。在制造工程中，CAD/CAM减少了工艺装备设计、数控编程和编制工艺规程所需要的时间。同时加快了响应速度，这最终将会使目前外围加工的
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