大学体验英语四-课后翻译.docx

Unit 11.随着职务的提升，他担负的责任也更大了。(take on)With his promotion, he has taken on greater responsibilities.2.他感到没有必要再一次对约翰承担这样的责任了。(make a commitment)He felt he did not have to make such a commitment to John any more.3.闲暇时玛丽喜欢外出购物，与她相反，露茜却喜欢待在家里看书。(as opposed to)Mary likes to go shopping in her spare time, as opposed to Lucy, who prefers to stay at home reading4.说得好听一些，可以说他有抱负，用最糟糕的话来说，他是一个没有良心 (conscience) 且没有资格的权力追求者。(at best, at worst)At best he s ambitious, and at worst a power-seeker without conscience or qualifications.5.我们已尽全力想说服他，但是却毫无进展。(strive, make no headway)We have striven to the full to convince him, but we have made no headway.1.他似乎只有在打保龄球的时候才感觉到舒服。It seems that the only timehe felt good about himself waswhenhe was bowling.2.饭店员工是不收小费原则的唯一例外。One exception tothe “no-tipping rule” is the hotel staff.3.很多年轻人在理论上知道怎么干，但当付诸实践时，就茫然无措了。Many of these youngsters know the job in theory but theyre still wet behind the earswhen it comes toputting it into practice.4.今天，在顶级公关运营商中间存在着一种广泛的共识，认为法庭和媒体的对峙不能再继续下去。Today, there is widespread agreementamong top PR operatorsthatthe stand-off between courts and the media can not continue.5.对于每个人来说，有一点是确信的，睡眠不仅是必需 的，而且睡眠有助于我们身心健康。Asfor everyone, one thing is certain,not onlydo we have to sleep,butit is good for your mind and bodyas well.倍数的翻译 (Multiples)常见的倍数的翻译有倍数的增加和倍数的减少。 倍数的增加 1 n times +名词或+ that of ., n times as . as . 或v + n times等可译成“是.的n倍”或“比.增加n1倍”。 e.g. The output of cars this year is about three times as great as that of last year. 今年的汽车产量大约是去年的三倍。 (或：今年的汽车产量比去年多两倍左右。)2 n times +“增加”意义的比较级 + than .可译成“净增加.或.倍”。 e.g. The irrigated area in this prefecture is four times bigger than in 1998. 这个辖区的灌溉面积是1998年的4倍。 3 “增加”意义的动词+ by .可译成“增加了”；“增加”意义的动词+ by a factor of .可译成“增加了n1倍”； 增加意义的动词+ to . 可译成“增加到或倍”或“增加了n1倍”。 e.g. The value of our industrial output this year has increased five times as compared with that of ten years ago. 今年我们的工业产值比10年前增加了四倍。 The rate of inflation has increased by 3%. 通货膨胀率增长了3%。 4 Double, treble, quadruple, n + fold等表示的倍数可译成“是的n倍”或“增加了n1倍”。 e.g. The efficiency of the machine has been more than trebled. 这台机器的效率增加了二倍多 (是过去的三倍多)。 倍数的减少 1 n times as +“减少”意义的原级 + as ., n times + “减少”意义的比较级 + than . , “减少”意义的动词+ n times等， 可译成“比.减少(n1) / n”、“减少了(n1) / n”、“是.1/n”、“减少到1/n”(若n中有小数点，则要换算成不带小数点的分数或百分数)。 e.g. The length of the laser tube was reduced ten times. 激光管的长度缩短到1/10。 (或：激光管的长度缩短了9/10。) This kind of film is twice thinner than ordinary paper, but its quality is quite good. 尽管这种薄膜的厚度只是普通纸张的一半，可是质量却相当好。 2 “减少”意义的动词+ by可译成“减少.”、“减少n1/n”或“减少到1/n”；减少意义的动词+ by a factor of可译成 “减少n1 / n”或“减少到1/n”；减少意义的动词+ to可译成“减少到.”。 e.g. The load resistance is reduced by a factor of 5. 负载阻抗减少到五分之一。 The company has reduced its work force from more than 15 000 to 10 000. 该公司将其工作人员从15 000多人裁减到10 000人。Unit 21. 宪法规定公民享有言论自由。(provide for)Answer: The Constitution provides for citizens freedom of speech.2. 我们在如何养育孩子的问题上有截然不同的看法，因此常发生争吵。(grow out of; bring up)Answer: Our constant quarrels grew out of the diverse ideas on how to bring up children.3. 我们早在会阅读之前就已经掌握了一些词汇。(long before)Answer: We have learned some words long before we can read.4. 很多中国家长认为孩子越早上学越好。(the more . the more)Answer: Many Chinese parents think that the earlier children go to school, the better.5. 新税法不是要惩罚富人，而是要给穷人以公平和机会。(rather)Answer: The new tax law is not to punish the rich. Rather it is to bring justice and opportunity to the poor1.要得到任何类似的关于你申请状态的准确信息都是极不寻常的。Answer: It is extremely unusual to get anything resembling accurate information about the status of your application.2.法律面前人人平等是被认为理所当然的。Answer: It is taken for granted that everyone is equal before the law.3.在美国餐馆吃饭、住宾馆、乘出租车时如何付小费是非常复杂的。Answer: There is nothing more complicated than that about Americans tipping, eating in restaurants, living in hotels or taking a taxi.4.你一定见过那些被称为鹰的大鸟是如何在地面或者大树之上捕获猎物的。Answer: You must have seen these large birds called eagles, feasting on their prey, either on the ground, or high up on tree tops.5.专家们毫不怀疑，这些药物将在加强我国应对艾滋病毒和艾滋病方面大有帮助。Answer: Experts have no doubt that these drugs will go a long way in further strengthening our national response to HIV and AIDS.数量词的翻译 (Numbers)数词的翻译英汉两种语言表示数量的方法时有不同，翻译中不仅需要仔细推敲如何表达，有时还需要进行换算。例如： 1. ten thousand: 万 one hundred thousand: 十万one hundred million: 亿 one billion: 十亿 ten billion: 百亿； 2. hundreds of: 数百 thousands of: 成千上万 tens of thousands of: 千千万万 millions of: 数百万；千百万 millions of millions of: 亿万与此相类似的还有一些表示数量的名词： decades: 几十 (年) scores: 好几十；大量 dozens: 数打，数十 。 量词的翻译1. 度量衡单位词的翻译：直接将量词译为对应的汉语。例如： ton: 吨 gram: 克 foot: 英尺 inch: 英寸2.普通名词作量词则应按语境来译，必须符合汉语的表达习惯。例如： a piece of news: 一则消息 a colony of ants: 一窝蚂蚁 a cake of soap: 一块肥皂3. 翻译时增加量词。例如： a chair: 一把椅子 a horse: 一匹马 a tree: 一棵树 A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. 一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。Unit 31. 你应该及时掐掉凋谢的花朵。(pluck off)Answer: You should pluck off the dead fl owers in time.2. 我认为你所说的实在算不上一个答案。(qualify as)Answer: I dont think what you said really qualifi es as an answer.3. 我们的喊声在寂静的大街上回荡。(echo)Answer: Our shouts echoed through the silent streets.4. 毫无疑问，他的成绩提高了，他又重新燃起了对学习的兴趣。(revive)Answer: There is no doubt that his grades have improved and his interest in learning has revived.5. 史密斯夫妇已经向离婚法院正式申请离婚。(file for)Answer: The Smiths have fi led for divorce in the divorce court.1.这自然是一种完全可笑的幻想。我根本不想当什么大(tycoon)，也根本看不起大款。 Answer: It is of course a ridiculous fancy. Being a tycoon is the last thing I imagine and also a thing I utterly despise.2.研究人员说，在家里承受压力的孩子会在课堂上捅娄子，这会损害全班学生的学习能力。Answer: The researchers say that children under stress at home can cause problems in the classroom, which ultimately hurts all the students ability to learn.3. 医学杂志上的一份研究报告回应了金融危机会带来医疗灾难的警告，说有迹象表明，心理健康问题和自杀行为急剧增加。Answer: A study in the medical journal echoes the warning of an impending health catastrophe brought about by the financial crisis, saying there are signs of a sharp rise in mental health problems and suicide.4.当学生为了获得一个超过他们应得成绩的更好分数而作弊时，他们其实就在学习养成欺骗和不诚实的生活习惯。Answer: When pupils are practicing cheating for the purpose of obtaining better school marks than they deserve, they are surely training themselves for lives of deceit and dishonesty.5.如果没有交通规则，人们如何在公路上开小轿车、大巴或其他交通工具？Answer: Would people be able to drive a car, a bus and any other vehicle on the roadway if there were no traffic regulations?否定句的翻译 (Negatives)The use of negatives in English is very flexible and delicate. The following tips will help you to handle the translation.1 否定成分的转移The object did not move because I pushed on it. 这物体不是因为我推了才移动的。（原文否定谓语，译文否定状语。）2 形式否定Nobody could be too foolish this day. 在这天，你怎么出洋相都不过分。3 双重否定Without substance, there could be no force. 没有物质就没有重力。（译成双重否定） She is not a little interested in computer games. 她对计算机游戏有浓厚兴趣。（译成肯定句）4 部分否定Everything is not straightened out. 并非每一个问题都弄清楚了。5 强调否定The outcome of the experiment was not half bad. 实验结果相当好。6 含蓄否定The report lacks detail. 报告不够详尽。（否定包含在英语动词中）Unit 41. 我爷爷虽然70岁了，但他的爱好广泛，从下国际象棋到爬山，多种多样。(range from . to)Answer: My grandfathers interests range from playing chess to climbing mountains although he is 70 years old.2. 真奇怪，汤姆的奶奶都80岁了还玩玩具娃娃。(surprisingly)Answer: Surprisingly, Toms grandmother plays with dolls at the age of 80.3. 他大公无私的精神和天赋使他适合担当大多数学生梦想得到的那项工作。(qualify for)Answer: His selflessness and talent qualify him for the job most students dream to get.4. 你如何解释他的那个怪梦？(interpretation)Answer: What interpretation would you put on his odd / strange dream?5. 我们老板刚买的新轿车一小时能行驶200公里。(be capable of)Answer: The brand-new car our boss has just bought is capable of making 200 kilometers an hour.1.正义不但必须要伸张，而且要让人看到正义得到了伸张。Answer: Justice must not only be done, but it must be seen to be done.2.发展的主要障碍是国家欠下的巨额外债。Answer: The main impediment to development is the countrys huge foreign debt.3.政治家夸夸其谈，但经常是言不由衷。Answer: Politicians say a lot but often failing to tell us what they really mean.4.不要抱怨生活对你不公，因为生活根本就不知道你是谁。Answer: Dont complain that life is unfair to you because life simply does not know who you are.5.多元化产品的范围由一般电子组件至大型安装机器。Answer: Diversified products range from electronics components to assembly machinery.定语从句的翻译 (Relative Clauses)常见的定语从句翻译方法有两种：合译法和分译法。1 合译法：把定语从句译成汉语的“的”字结构，放在被修饰词的前面，从而把英语的主句和定语从句合译成一个汉语单句。1) This is the scientist who just returned from the North Pole.这是刚从北极归来的科学家。2) The sun, which had hidden in the cloud all day, now came out in its entire splendor. 整天躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了。3) Without rubber there would be no such automobiles as we have today.如果没有橡胶，就不会有今天这样的汽车。2 分译法：将定语从句与主句分开，译成并列分句。1) I knew that Mary would tell the story to her mother, who would probably tell it to John.我知道玛丽准会把这件事告诉她的妈妈，她妈妈多半又会把这事说给约翰听。2) They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他们找到了一种新方法，采用该方法之后产量已迅速提高。3) Machine tools have various uses, one of which is to make holes in metal.机床有各种用途，其中之一是给金属钻孔。Unit 51. 产品广告中的说明必须符合产品的实际质量。(conform to)Answer: The explanation in the advertisement of the product must conform to its actual quality.2. 新的见解有望为我们探索应对这种情况的新方法铺平道路。(pave the way for)Answer: New insights will hopefully pave the way for us to explore new ways of treating this condition.3. 谚语来源于生活，是一个民族的语言和文化的浓缩和体现。(derive from)Answer: Proverbs, which derive from life, are the condensation and embodiment of the language and culture of a nation.4. 这段情感关系一直困扰着她，而且不见尽头。(haunt)Answer: The emotional relationship has been haunting her with no end in sight.5. 应当承认，很难判定这件独特商品的合适价格。(discern)Answer: Admittedly, the right price for this unique commodity is hard to discern.1.除了他为他儿子所做的一切之外，我们认为他没有什么值得表扬的地方 Answer: We agree that he had nothing to be praised forother than whathe had done for his son.2.很多企业不把商业道德当回事儿，这比任何违法的商业行为给世界经济所带来的危害都要大。Answer:Thatmany enterprises dont take business ethics seriouslycanbemoredestructive to world economythanany illegal commercial action.3. 中国人的热情好客在过年期间的盛宴上得到了充分的诠释。Answer: The hospitality of the Chinesefinds its ultimate expressionin the grand feasts during the Spring Festival.4.这笔世界银行的贷款为更多的 孩子有更好的学习条件提供了 经济上的保障。Answer: This loan of money from the World Bankprovidesfinancial guaranteethat enablesmore children to have better facilities in school.5.与其说是对教育公平的一项科学研讨，不如说是呼吁公众对穷人发展的关注。Answer:It is lessa scientific research about equal education opportunitythan it isa call for public attention to the development of the poor.同位语的翻译 (Appositives)可以充当同位语的有名词、代词、介词短语、不定式等。同位语通常放在有关成分 (本位语) 之后，并对其内容作进一步的解释说明。同位语一般用逗号与本位语隔开 (但有时也可不隔开)。下面举例说明有关同位语的各种表达方式及其翻译方法：1. 名词或代词、形容词、数词等作同位语，一般与本位语译在一起：Examples You may leave it to us two.你可以把这件事交给我们两个。This is Mr Zhou, director of our hospital.这是我们医院院长周先生。She seemed different from them all.她似乎和他们所有的人都不同。This theory was advanced by Li Siguang, a famous Chinese geologist.这一理论是由中国的著名地质学家李四光提出的。2. 有些同位语结构复杂一些，如由引导词引导，翻译时一般译在本位语之后，且要用标点符号 (逗号、冒号或破折号) 隔开。Examples Then arose the question where we were to get the machines needed.这时就产生了一个问题：我们到哪儿去找需要的机器。They visited eight cities, for example, London and Paris.他们访问了八座城市，例如伦敦和巴黎。3. 在某些涵义需要进一步说明的名词 (如idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt等) 后可用that从句作同位语，翻译时多译成该名词的定语。称为同位语从句。ExamplesI had no idea that you were here.我不知道你也在这儿。Obviously there was little probability that they would succeed, but they didnt mind.很显然他们成功的可能性极小，但是他们不在意。Unit 61. 她将她的少年时代描绘成一个幻想和发现的时期。(portray . as)Answer:She portrayed her childhood as a time of wonder and discovery.2. 试验表明，不抽烟的人比抽烟的人犯的错误要少。(fewer . than)Answer:Experiments showed that nonsmokers committed fewer errors than smokers.3. 足球迷经常受到人们的重视，不是因为他们自身的成功，而是因为他们支持的球队获得了胜 利。 (not . but)Answer:Football fans are often highly regarded not for their own achievement, but through their connection to a team that wins.4. 尽管演员的演技高超，这部长达3个小时的电影还是未能吸引住我们。(despite)Answer:Despite the actors wonderful acting, the three-hour movie could not hold our attention.5.王教授是我能唯一指望救我儿子的大夫。(rely on)Answer:Professor Wang is the only doctor I can rely on to save my son1. 当我们知道有人从这次洪水中幸存下来时激动得都要飞起来，但当我们怎么也找不到失踪的那几个同学时，心情也跌至了谷底。Answer:1. Wehit the heightswhen we got the news that someone survived the flood andreach the depths of despair whenwe can not find the classmates lost in this accident.2. 我们赢得这场比赛的机会要比那些经常训练的人少得多。Answer:The opportunities for us to win the match are muchfewer thanthose who practice often,3. 我们所做到一切不是为了获得名或者利，而是为了让更多人 的希望。Answer:What we did isnotfor fame or fortune of ourselves,butfor the hopes of more people.4. 他把自己在学校的糟糕表现归咎于自己贫困的家庭，而不是自身的懒惰。Answer:Heblamedhis poor performance in schoolonhis poor family background,rather that onhis own laziness.5. 大学生所面临的一个重要困难是如何把学到的知识应用到实践中去。Answer:One of the difficulties college students face is how toapplywhat they have learned in schooltopractice. 名词性从句的翻译(Noun Clauses) 在句子中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，因此名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 1. 名词性that-从句的翻译 that只起连接主句和从句的作用，本身没有词意，翻译时只译出从句的意义即可。ExamplesThat he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人感到不安。that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。 用it作先行词结构的翻译：1)It is 名词从句 It is a fact that . 事实是?； It is an honor that . ?非常荣幸； It is common knowledge that . ?是常识2)It is 形容词从句 It is natural that . 很自然?； It is strange that . 奇怪的是?3)It 不及物动词从句 It seems that . 似乎?； It happened that . 碰巧?4)It 过去分词从句 It is reported that . 据报道?； It has been proved that . 已证实?2. 名词性wh-从句的翻译 wh-词包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where,when, why等连接副词。翻译时既可译出这些连接词语的疑问含义，又常按其实际所指变通译成“?的东西”、“?的地方”、“?的时间”、“?的原因”等。ExamplesHow the book will sell depends on its author.我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌In ones own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者发奖。My question is who will take over presidency of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会的主席职位。She will name him whatever she wants to.她高兴给他起什么名字就起什么名字。I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。Im not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it作形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末， ExamplesIt is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。 It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。wh-从句常用结构的翻译：ExamplesWhat you need is . 你需要的 (东西) 是? How 从句 is up to you.?什么的方法途径由你决定。 Where 主语 谓语 is none of your business.什么地方与你无关。 Why 主语 谓语 is a secret.为什么还是个谜。 It is not clear who .谁还不清楚。3. 名词性从句否定转移的翻译 1) think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到了主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。ExamplesI dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。I don t believe he will come.我相信他不会来。2)seem, appear等后的从句的否定，转移到了前面。ExamplesIt doesnt seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪里去。It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3)有时整个从句的否定，转变为对谓语动词的否定。ExampleIts not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。Unit 71. 对考试结果我无法预料，我们只有等着瞧了。(inkling)Answer:I have no inkling about the examination results, we shall have to wait and see.2. 我不知道到底发生了什么事，但是他们一小时前就该到达这里的。(suppose to)Answer:I dont know what happened, but they were supposed to be here an hour ago.3. 他今天穿的衬衫的颜色与领带很不相配。(match)Answer:The color of the shirt he is wearing today does not match that of his tie.4. 经过数年的准备和积累，我终于开始了写作生涯。(commit)Answer:After years of preparation and accumulation, I have committed to a writing career fi nally.5. 我已经告诉我的孩子们要学着把自己的抽屉清理好。(clear out)Answer:I have asked my kids to learn to clear out their drawers 1.我当时没有意识到发生在万里之外的美国的事情会这么快就被这些村民知道了。Answer:I didnt realize then that the thingtaking place in America which is 10 thousand miles awaywouldbe known by the villagers here so soon.2.正是在国外生活的这三年使我学会了人与人之间相处的原则。Answer:It tookthe three-year-experience of living abroadfor me tolearn interpersonal communication principles.3.我已经明白了正如在任何超市里一样，电脑里的一切都应该是系统化地安排的。Answer:I have learned thatin computer,asin any super market, everything should be systematically arranged.4.这家正被媒体热切讨论的公司正是我们的合作伙伴， 正如其他消费者一样，我们也会密切关注事态的发展。Answer:The companythat is hotly discussed in mass media is our cooperatorand we, likemany other costumers, will closely see how things progress.5.当我们意识到自己的责任以后，我们应该做的就是勇敢地面对来自各方面的挑战。Answer:Whenwe have realized our responsibility,whatwe should doisto confront various challenges.状语从句的翻译 (Adverbial Clauses)英语的状语从句种类较多，为了符合汉语的表达习惯，翻译的时候应注意从句子语序和词语的省略两方面考虑。语序：英语状语从句位置比较灵活，翻译时应根据汉语结构的需要，对语序作必要的调整。省略：为了避免累赘，要注意汉语中常将从句的主语和连词省略。例如：语序 1) He always goes wherever he is in urgent need. 哪里需要他，他就到哪里去。 2) She passed the CET 4 because she had studied very hard. 因为学习努力，所以她顺利地通过了英语4级。(如果强调结果