仁爱英语八年级上册语法.doc

一般将来时：（一）be going to 结构: 表示主语进行某一将来行动的打算、意图。这种打算常经过预先考虑并含有自己做好某些准备的意思，因此通常认为用be going to表达的行动很可能会见诸实践。 如：Im going to play basketball with my classmates this Sunday.我打算本周日和同学们一起打篮球。She is going to buy a sweater for her mother.她打算为她妈妈买一件毛衣。表预测。指根据迹象推测，而且马上或很快就要发生。如：Look at those clouds. Its going to rain. 瞧那些乌云！快要下雨了！（二） will + 动词原形：表示单纯的将来事实，常与表将来的时间状语如:tomorrow, soon, later, next time(week/month/year)等连用。will not = wont; 缩略形式为ll.表示作出立即的决定。这种意图并未经过事先的考虑或计划，是临时的一种决定。如：a. -Please put your things away, Tom. 汤姆，把你的东西收拾好。-Im sorry. Ill do it right away. 对不起。我马上就去做。b. -Would you like coffee or tea? 您要咖啡还是茶？-I will have a cup of tea,please. 我要一杯茶。c. Dont worry. Ill help you. 别担心。我会帮你的。表示预测。指说话人对于将来的看法、假设和推测。如： Im sure our team will win next time. 我确信下次我们队会赢。Maybe she will go to the gym. 也许她会去体育馆。表示许诺。如： Ill do better next time. 下次我会做得更好的。Ill visit you tomorrow. 明天我会去看你的。句式：肯定句：I/She/He/They will go to play baseball soon.否定句：I/She/He/They wont go to play baseball soon.一般疑问句：Will you/she/he/they go to play baseball soon?回答：Yes, I/she/he/they will. No, I/she /he/they wont.（三）动词plan, come, go, leave, fly等用现在进行时表示将要发生的事.如： Im coming. 我就来。He is leaving for Shanghai. 他将到上海去。We are going to Beijing. 我们将去北京。5. There be 句型的一般将来时正:There will be a sports meeting in our school this weekend.= There is going to be a sports meeting in our school this weekend.误:There will have a sports meeting in our school this weekend.= There is going to have a sports meeting in our school this weekend.四、重点语法(一) 情态动词: must 与 have to must 必须;一定”, 表示有做某一动作的必要或义务,侧重表达说话者的主观看法.（只有一种时态）如：We must wash hands before meals. 饭前我们必须洗手.We must eat healthy food. 我们必须吃健康的食物. have to “不得不,必须”, 侧重表示因客观条件或客观环境的迫使而不得不做某事（可用于各种时态）如：Its too late. I have to go now. 太迟了.现在我得走了.I had to borrow some money at that time. 那时我不得不借了一些钱.*-Must we keep the windows open all the time?-No, we dont have to. / No, we neednt. (注意回答时不能用No, we mustnt.)1）Are you free this evening? = Do you have time this evening? 你今天晚上有空吗？三.语法学习1.I used to listen to rock music but now I collect telephone cards and paintings. (Page 53)我过去常听摇滚乐，可现在我集电话卡和画。used to do sth. 这一结构表示过去的习惯（过去经常反复发生的动作）或状态（暗含的意思是现在已不复存在），只有一种形式，即过去式，用于所有人称。used to的否定形式为：used not to do或didnt use to do。疑问句为Used you to. ? 或 Did you use to.?如：1）I used to go to school on foot. 我过去步行上学。（暗含的意思是：我现在不再步行上学了。）2）Mary used to sleep late.玛莉过去总是很晚才睡觉。（暗含的意思是：玛莉现在睡觉不再那么晚了。）3)I used to walk along the road after supper.我过去常常在晚饭后沿着这条马路散步。4)He used not to like Peking opera, but now hes very fond of it.他过去不喜欢京剧，但现在非常喜欢。现在大多数人在口语中或不太正式的书面语中对否定句和疑问句常使用与do 连用的形式。例如：1)I didnt use to like skating, but now I like it very much.我过去不喜欢滑冰，但现在很喜欢。2)Did you use to go there?你以往常去哪儿？3)There used to be a theatre here, didnt there?以前这里有一座剧院，是不是？另外，注意be used to doing sth.与used to do sth.的区别：be used to doing sth “习惯于，适应于”如:1）He is used to working hard. 他习惯于努力地工作。2）He used to bring me roses when he came to see me. 过去他来看我时,常带玫瑰花。3）Im used to doing jogging in the morning now. 我习惯于早上慢跑。be used to do sth.“某物被用来做某事”。如：1）Wood is used to make paper. 木材被用来生产纸张。2）Computers can be used to do a lot of work now. 如今电脑可用来做许多事。2. Collecting stamps must be great fun! (Page 53)集邮肯定很有趣！must在这里是情态动词，作用是用来表示推测，可以翻译为“想必”。如:1)Your brother must be in the school. I saw him just now.你的哥哥想必在学校。我刚才看见他了。2)Your friend must have left for Nanjing yesterday.你的朋友想必昨天已经离开去南京了。3) She thought that her present must be in the box.她以为礼物一定是在盒子里。4) You must be thirsty after a long walk.走了很长的路，你一定渴了。5) It must be ten oclock now.现在肯定有10点钟了。情态动词must的三种否定形式must表示“必须”时，其否定回答为dont have to，意思为“不需要”。如:1）Must I pay back the money right now? No, you dont have to.我必须现在偿还这笔钱吗？不，你不需要现在还。2）You must listen to the teacher carefully in class.你必须在课堂上认真听讲。must表示“推测”时，其否定形式为cant，意思为“不可能”。如:1）Ive seen what she is talking about, so she cant be telling lies.我目睹了她所说的事情，因此，她不可能在说谎。2）Yesterday I received a letter from him, so he cant be here. 昨天我收到了他的信，所以说他不可能在这儿。而must not的意思为“绝对不可，不许，禁止”。如：1）You must not smoke in the hospital.你绝对不可以在医院里吸烟。2）You must not cross the road when the traffic lights are red.交通灯是红色时，你千万不能过马路。3.He doesnt mind whether theyre good or not. 他并不介意它们是否是好的。此句为以whether引导的宾语从句。whether.or not“不论是否”。如： 1）You have to get up early everyday whether it rains or not.你必须天天早点起床，不论是否下雨。2）Whether we go or not matters little.不论我们是否去，关系不大。if与whether的区别。二者在引导宾语从句时一般可换用。如：1)I want to know if / whether it is going to rain tomorrow.我想知道明天是否下雨。2) He asked me if / whether Li Ping was at home.他问我李平是否在家。3) He didnt understand if / whether the stranger told a lie.他不明白那个陌生人是否说的是假话。 但下列几种情况不能换用。whether 后可紧接or not，而if一般不能。 Let me know whether or not you can come.你能来还是不能来，请告诉我一声。whether引导的宾语从句可移到主句前，if则不能。如：Whether this is true or not, I can not say.这件事是否真实，我说不上。不定式前用whether，不用if。如：I havent decided whether to go to the cinema or to stay at home.我还没有决定是看电影还是留在家里。介词后可用whether，不用if。如：I havent settled the question of whether Ill go back home.我是否回家还没有定。Topic2 I like pop music三.语法学习1. What a pity! (Page 61)真遗憾！这是一个由what引导的感叹句。what引导感叹句的基本构成为：what + a / an +（形容词）+可数名词单数！what +（形容词）+可数名词复数/不可数名词！如：1）What a stupid question!多么愚蠢的问题啊！2）What lively boys they are! 多么活泼的男孩子们啊2. What are you going to do this Sunday evening?(Page61) 这一周日晚上你想干什么1)“be going to” 是一般将来时的一种表达方法.它表示:i) 现在打算在最近或将来要做某事. 如: Tom is going to Beijing with his father next week.ii) 说话人根据已有的迹象认为可能要发生某事. 如: There are a lot of dark clouds. Its going to rain.2) “be going to”句式的基本结构:肯定句:主语+be going to eg. He is going to stay at school.否定句:主语+be + not +going to eg. Im not going to the library this afternoon.一般疑问句: Be +主语+going to eg. Are you going to play tennis next week?3)be going to 用于there be 结构时要用There be going to be + 主语+其它形式.如: There is going to be a football game tomorrow.4)与be going to 连用的时间状语有: next week/month/year, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, this evening, in the future等.Topic3 The movie is so wonderful!三.语法学习 I was doing some washing. I was doing some cleaning. (Page 69)我在洗衣服。 我在打扫卫生。这句用的是过去进行时.1. 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作,也表示过去一段时间内的活动或那个阶段正在进行的动作.如: He were watching TV at 8:00 last night. They were writing a book last month.1. 过去进行时由be (was/were)+动词ing 形式构成的,肯定句:主语+was/were +doing +否定句: 主语+wasnt/werent +doing +一般疑问句: Was/Were+主语+doing+肯定回答:Yes, 主语+was/were.否定回答:No, 主语+wasnt/werent.如: They were studying English at this tine yesterday.They werent studying English at this time yesterday. Were they studying English at this time yesterday?Yes, they were. / No, they werent.11. Then decide how you are going to spend your weekend. (Page 74)然后决定你的周末怎么过。spend度过；花费（时间、金钱）。结构有：spend.on sth., spend.(in)doing sth. 如：1）He spent 5 yuan on the post card. 他买这张明信片花了5元钱。2)They spent three days looking for the lost sheep on the hill. 他们用了三天的时间在山上找丢失的羊。12. Did you have a good time? (Page 76) 你们玩得高兴吗？have a good time = enjoy oneself过得愉快；玩得高兴。类似的说法还有have a great time, have a nice time, have a wonderful time。三.语法学习 I was doing some washing. I was doing some cleaning. (Page 69)我在洗衣服。 我在打扫卫生。这句用的是过去进行时.1. 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作,也表示过去一段时间内的活动或那个阶段正在进行的动作.如: He were watching TV at 8:00 last night. They were writing a book last month.2. 过去进行时由be (was/were)+动词ing 形式构成的,肯定句:主语+was/were +doing +否定句: 主语+wasnt/werent +doing +一般疑问句: Was/Were+主语+doing+肯定回答:Yes, 主语+was/were.否定回答:No, 主语+wasnt/werent.如:They were studying English at this tine yesterday. They werent studying English at this time yesterday. Were they studying English at this time yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they werent.Unit 4 Our World三.语法学习（一.）现在进行时与过去进行时的区别：1.现在进行时表示现在正在发生或正在做的事情，基本结构be现在分词。如：肯定句：The robots are making a car now. 这些机器人正在生产小汽车。否定句：We are not studying on the Internet. 我们没有在互联网上学习。疑问句：Is the teacher looking up the word in the dictionary？这个老师正在词典中查这个词吗？特殊疑问句：Who am I talking to？我在和谁谈话？2.过去进行时表示过去某一时间，正在发生或正在做的事情。基本结构was（were）现在分词。肯定句：When he came in,I was writing a letter.当他进来时，我在写一封信。否定句：They werent watching TV while she was reading.她读书时，他们没在看电视。疑问句：Was the UFO flying to us at 8 last night ?昨晚8点UFO向我们飞来了吗？特殊疑问句：What were you drinking while we were sleeping?我们睡觉时，你们在喝什么？进行时态往往用在时间状语从句中，常与when,while等连词搭配。（二.）be sure结构表示肯定和不肯定。be sure一般用来表示肯定，be not sure（whether/if）表示不肯定。be sure后面可以跟不定式和宾语从句。跟不定式一般译为“一定”，跟宾语从句，译为“确信”。如：We are sure to repair the TV well. 我们一定修好这台电视机。Im sure you can finish your work. 我确信你能完成你的工作。Are you sure whether（if）he switch