天津大学2011级英语期末试题(带答案及单词翻译).doc

ENGLISH PROFICIENCY EXAMFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR POSTGRADUATE STUDENTSTIANJIN UNIVERSITYJan. 5th, 2012PART 1: Vocabulary (20%)Directions: In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Mutual endeavor(共同努力) has shaped our world, and mutualism(互利共生;互惠共生), the belief that individual and collective(个人与集体) well-being is obtainable(可获得的，可取得的) only by mutual dependence(相互依存), _ family life, relationships and society.A. underpins基础结构B. overstates夸大（某事）C. underlines在下面画线;加强，强调D. overcomes战胜，克服2. A man of original power can never be _ within the limits of a single field of interest and activity, nor can he ever be content to(满足于) bear the marks and use the skill of a single occupation(职业，工作).A. located坐落的，位于的B. liberated被解放的;无拘束的;放纵的C. committed忠诚的，坚定的D. confined有限的，受限制的;狭窄的;3. As a result of technological convergence(技术融合) and progress in digitization(数字化), the laboratories(实验室) of computer technology and consumer electronics firms(消费电子企业) are _ in the race for innovation and sophistication(创新与成熟).A. searchingB. competingC. intervening发生于其间的;介于中间的; D. absorbing4. The degree in which a man _ his work and gives it the quality of his own mind and spirit is the measure of his success in giving his nature free and full expression. A. demolishes摧毁;推翻B. standardizes使合乎规格，使标准化C. individualizes赋予个性，个别地加以考虑D. abolishes废除，废止5. In common with other developed economies, Britain has advocated(提倡;拥护;鼓吹;为辩护;) the creation of a high-skilled, high-waged(高技能，高技术) economy by _ the education and skills of its workforce(全体员工; （国家或行业等）劳动力).A. renewing（使）复原，（使）更新;重新开始B. overthrowing打倒，推翻;使终止; C. decreasing缩短，减小，减少D. upgrading提升;使升级;提高档次6. No one on the planet is going to escape the effects of global warming, and for billions the resulting environmental deterioration(恶化;变坏;退化) is going to make life _ more difficult.A. considerably相当，非常，颇B. terminally末尾，一定时期地C. originally起初，原来;独创地，独出心裁地D. regularly有规律地，按时，照例7. Digital television will enable users to access a wide range of new services, such as pay-per-view TV, the downloading of video games or software, or channels _ in sports or teleshopping.A. interfering干预;调停;妨碍;干涉; B. specializing专门从事，专攻C. participating参加，参与D. consisting由组成;包括;存在于8. Earthquakes are immensely destructive(极大的破坏性), mainly because most cities in regions of high seismic(地震的) risk are dominated(受控的) by buildings that are simply not built well enough to _ the severe(严峻的;严厉的;剧烈的) ground shaking of a major quake.A. sustain维持; 支撑，支持B. withstand经受，承受，禁得起C. guarantee保证，担保; 保证人D. inspect检查，检验; 视察9. By giving students access to(入口，出口;接近) a new world of information, sparking creativity(激发创造力), and _ rich communication and collaboration(合作，协作) across vast distances, computers have long been a powerful tool for education.A. preventing预防;阻碍B. disrupting使混乱，扰乱C. facilitating促进;使便利;推进D. manipulating控制，操纵，影响10. While more and more women are _ roles as managers, a new study reveals(显示) that these women are increasingly turning to the stereotypically(带有成见地) more male traits(特征), such as aggression(侵略;攻击，进攻), to get results.A. defining规定;使明确;精确地解释B. assuming假设;假定;呈现C. regarding关于; 就而论;至于D. interpreting解释;理解;演绎11. The potential negative effects of violent video games(暴力视频游戏) on adolescent antisocial behavior(反社会行为), and youth violence _, is a highly debated issue, both in academic circles(学术界) and among the general public and policy makers(公共政策制定者).A. on averageB. on purpose故意地;特地; C. in particular尤其， 特别D. in advance预先，事先; 提前12. A new digital watermarking system（数字水印系统） not only protects music and media files from online pirates（网络盗版） but also ensures that the quality for _ users is as good as it gets.A. unauthorized未经授权的，越权的;未经许可的B. temporary临时的，暂时的; 短暂的C. malicious恶意的，有敌意的;蓄意的;预谋的D. legitimate合法的，合理的;正规的13. There is relatively little _ of opinion and scholarship（奖学金; 学术; 学识） about whether generational differences（代际差异） exist that are worth taking into consideration in the workplace, colleges, and universities, and other contexts（背景; 投资环境; 设备场境）.A. permission允许; 批准B. minority少数;少数民族;未成年C. absence缺席，缺勤; 缺乏D. consensus一致;舆论;一致同意14. Young peoples worlds have changed in a variety of ways, many of which have a _ on the sort of education and training that they demand.A. contact联系，接触vi B. bearing关系; 方位; 态度，举止nC. lead榜样;领导D. stake 股份;重大利益15. Nowadays graduates in the labor market are expected to be flexible(灵活的), to direct and steer(操纵，控制; 引导) their own work as well as that of others, to take responsibility and to mould(形成; 陶冶，训练) jobs to make best use of their _ in the global market economy.A. expectations希望;预料;（被）预期B. blunders（因无知、粗心等造成）的错误C. competencies能力D. defects 缺点; 弱点16. No generation is more at ease(安逸，自由自在;自然) with online, collaborative(合作的;协作的) technologies than todays young people“digital natives”, who have grown up in a/n _ computing environment.A. immersive拟真的;B. emergent紧急的; 浮现的; 突然出现的C. hostile敌人的，敌对的;怀有敌意的;不利的D. rural乡下的，农村的;田园的;地方的17. Whereas university research and development departments(发展部门) may once have been the primary arena(表演场地，舞台;竞技场) for testing new tools and theories, the survey data(调查数据) reveal(显露;揭露;泄露) that corporations(公司;法人) now have the _ in adopting new innovations(采用新的创新).A. right正确;权利B. edge边;优势;边缘，端;锋利，尖锐C. controlD. license许可证，执照;特许18. Access to technology in school is particularly important _ increasing disparities(不同;不等;不一致;悬殊) in technology access outside of school.A. in tune with与协调， 与一致B. in line with跟一致，符合;本着C. in need of需要D. in light of按照，根据19. Taking an international overview on anything, in this case the out-of-school education of the gifted and talented, offers _ which can sometimes cut right across anyones cultural assumptions.A. perspectives透视;透视图;观点;全景B. prosecutions起诉;原告;实施;从事C. obligations债务;义务;债券;合约D. objections反对;异议;厌恶;反对的理由20. Obesity(肥胖，过胖;肥胖症) is a national health crisis(危机;危难时刻) and if current trends continue, it will soon _ smoking in the U.S. as the biggest single factor in early death, reduced quality of life and added health care costs.A. distinguish辨别;辨别出，识别;有别于;使杰出B. modify改变; 减轻C. imitate模仿，效仿; 仿造，伪造D. surpass超过; 优于; 胜过PART 2: Cloze (15%)Directions: In this part of the test, youll read an incomplete passage with 15 blanks. Read the passage carefully, and choose the best answer from choices marked A, B, C and D. Then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.One of the greatest assets a manager can have is a happy and satisfied team of employees. However, building such a team is a _21_. Unless youre in senior management, you may be limited _22_ the amount of compensation or the promotion opportunities you can provide to your employees. Fortunately, these arent the only factors that influence employee job satisfaction, or _23_ the most important. Providing tangible proof to your employees that their efforts are recognized, while often _24_ as secondary to other factors, is still very important. Reasonable employees will understand that wage increases do have their limits, _25_ they expect to be adequately compensated. However, other types of incentives, such as bonuses or prizes for the _26_ achievers in key performance categories, can be just as effective. It is crucial that both increases and other monetary incentives be performance _27_. Employees should always receive greater rewards and more recognition when they are giving a higher quality of work. _28_ being fair, of course, it also sends the message that the organization values and recognizes those who _29_ their jobs instead of just doing the bare minimum.The culture and the work environment factor highly into employee job satisfaction. Employees who enjoy being around their coworkers and respect their management team are more _30_ to stay in a job when they agree with the companys goals and values.Another major _31_ to job satisfaction is how the employee feels about their role and responsibilities. Studies show _32_ those surveyed about their level of job satisfaction have cited factors such as the desire for _ 33_ in their work, having a variety of tasks to _34_, being properly trained and equipped to do their jobs, and having work that is challenging and requires thought and creativity. Employees looking to _35_ a company will have an interest in their personal development and opportunities for advancement as well.Above all, employees want to feel that both they and their work are valued and appreciated by the company. 21.A. blessingB. handicap障碍; 缺陷; 不利条件C. challengeD. failure22A. in favor of赞成支持（某人或某事物）; 以取代B. in terms of根据; 用的话; 就而言C. on behalf of 为了的利益; 代表D. on top of在上边; 在上方; 除之外23.A. necessarilyB. viciously邪恶地，敌意地C. accurately正确无误地，准确地; 精确地D. collectively全体地，共同地24.A. to rankB. being ranked25.C. rankedA. therefore因此; 所以; 故C. otherwise否则，不然D. ranksB. unless除非，如果不D. but但是; 而是; 除了; 只因为26.A. topB. bottomC. lowD. peak最高的; 最大值的27.A. driving驱使; 驱赶B. driven奋发努力的; 发愤图强的28.C. counting计算A. In addition to除之外C. With regard to关于; 就; 说起D. counted有价值; 数出总数; 算得上B. Regardless of 不管， 不顾D. For the sake of为了29.A. specialize in专攻，精通，以为专业B. excel at（在某一活动方面）表现杰出，擅长于C. draw on利用; 凭借D. ward off避开，挡住; 架30.A. subjectB. likelyC. contraryD. loyal31.A. advantageB. obstacle障碍（物）; 障碍物C. responseD. contributor贡献者; 捐助者32.A. thatB. howC. whenD. whether33A. authorship作者身份;B. automation自动化C. autonomy自主权;自治，自治权D. authority管理局34.A. adopt采用，采取，采纳; 收养B. undergo经历，经验; 遭受C. perform执行; 履行; 表演D. supply供给; 补充; 弥补35.A. depart from离开; 背离，违背C. interfere in干涉，干预; 插手干预B. confine to限于之内;D. stay with在家里作客，继续为工作Part 3: Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 4 passages. After each passage there are 5 questions or unfinished statements followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that can best answer the question or complete the statement, and then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.Passage 1 It seems only natural that happiness should flow from having more money. Even if they dont admit it, people still behave as though it were true. More money means you can have what you want and do what you want. The house you dream of? Its yours. The new car you desire? Here are the keys. The freedom to enjoy your favorite pastimes? Heres your racket, the court is down there, just past the pool.So the puzzle is this: why do social scientists consistently find only moderate relationships between having more money and being happy? Some have even suggested that this moderate connection might be exaggerated. In reality money might have very little to do with happiness at all. Most puzzling, though, is that people often seem aware at some level that money wont make them happy. And yet they continue to work away earning money they dont objectively need.First, though, lets look at the three reasons money doesnt make us happy:Its relative income thats important. As Ive noted previously, money is relative. It turns out we dont mind so much about our actual level of income, so long as were earning more than other people around us. Unfortunately as we earn more money were likely to be surrounded by richer people so we often end up failing to take advantage of the positive comparison. Material goods dont make us happy. Acquiring things like houses and cars only have a transient effect on happiness. Peoples desires for material possessions crank up at the same, or greater rate, than their salaries. Again, this means that despite considerably more luxurious possessions, people end up no happier. Theres even evidence that materialism make us less happy. People dont shift to enjoyable activities when they are rich. This may be because of the focusing illusion. When people think about earning more money they probably imagine they would use the money on recreational activities. In fact, to earn the money, they have to spend more time at work, and commuting to and from work. These three reasons naturally raise the question of why psychological findings are so out of step with peoples everyday experience. Surely if money doesnt lead to happiness, most people would have worked that out by now. So why do people still chase the mighty dollar/pound/yen like their lives depended on it?Nobel-prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman and colleagues put forward the idea that the reason people continue to think money makes them happier is that chasing it leads to conventional achievements. Conventional achievements include things like getting that coveted promotion or being able to afford that big house - in other words things that say loud and clear: hear I am and this is what I can do.So we end up with this: money doesnt make us happy on a day-to-day basis. Acquiring money and status makes us feel satisfied with life. Through the focusing illusion we convince ourselves that satisfaction equals happiness. Unfortunately it doesnt. Even though we appear to have everything, we are left feeling that something is missing, but are unable to identify what that thing is. That thing is simply this: feeling happy. Right now. In the moment.36.What do social scientists find about money and happiness? A. Money is the final goal of people pursuing happiness. B. Happiness largely depends on the amount of money.C. More money does not necessarily make people happy. D. Money counts most in peoples feeling of happiness. 37.According to the passage, which of the following confuses the author most? A. The scientific findings fail to explain peoples obsession with pursuing money and happiness.B. Although happiness loosely correlates with money, people still paradoxically crave for earning more. C. Social scientists cannot reach an agreement on their findings as to the importance of money.D. Awareness of causal relationship between money and happiness weakens peoples desire to make money.38.According to the passage, people _. A. care a lot about their actual level of income B. are convinced that people around them earn higher incomeC. compare their income with that of higher earners D. feel contented when they earn more than others 39.Material goods dont make us happy because _. A. we need something permanent to feel happyB. we need psychological and spiritual satisfactionC. people in pursuit of money are despised in societyD. the more money we have, the more we desire 40.If money brings little happiness, why do people still chase money? A. Because money and wealth gratify peoples vanity. B. Because money is the only way to measure peoples achievement.C. Because people use money to show off their success and social status.D. Because people believe money brings things that reflect their accomplishments. Passage 2 As Wal-Mart grew into the worlds largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list of dos and donts covering every aspect of their work. Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with the challenges of globalization and technological change, and is trying to instill a “values-based” culture, in which employees can be trusted to do the right thing because they know what the firm stands for. “Values” is the latest hot topic in management thinking. PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of “performance with purpose”. Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of “human energy”, though presumably it does not really want you to travel by rickshaw (人力车). Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label. Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corporate culture, and author of “How”, a book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, and conducted by the Boston Research Group, the “National Governance, Culture and Leadership Assessment” is based on a survey of thousands of American employees, from every rung of the corporate ladder.It found that 43% of those surveyed described their companys culture as based on command-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercionwhat Mr. Seidman calls “blind obedience”. The largest category, 54%, saw their employers culture as top-down, but with skilled leadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr. Seidman calls “informed acquiescence (默许)”. Only 3% fell into the category of “self-governance”, in which everyone is guided by a “set of core principles and values that inspire everyone to align around a companys mission”.The study found evidence that such differences matter. Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed unethical behavior in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firms. Yet only a quarter of those in the blind-obedience firms said they were likely to blow the whistle, compared with over 90% in self-governing firms. Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too. More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed-acquiesce