普通语言学整合作业.doc

普通语言学作业Exercise OneI. Directions: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are . not allowed to change the letter given.1 The description of a language at some time is a _study.2. Nondistinctive sounds such as /l/ and /l/ or /ph/ and /p/ are members of the same phoneme, and are known as a _.3. Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of words while-morphology studies word formation 4. Syntactic movement is dictated by roles traditionally called t _rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.5.Words that are close in meaning are called s_.6. The p _act refers to the effect of the utterance.7. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the C- in 1066.8. As_ community refers to a group of people who forma community (which may have as members as a family or as many members as a country), and share the same language or a particular variety of language.9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u_ is concrete and context-dependent.10. A r_ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.II. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.11. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted.12. The choice of an allophone is in most cases random.13. English words are formed at random14. For any natural language, a set of syntactic roles are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences in that language.15. The morning star and the evening star are e same in sense .16. The meaning of an utterance, unlike that of a sentence, is decontextualized.17. The modern variety of English developed from the London dialect of Middle English.18. Speech variety includes not only dialect, pidgin, Creole etc, but also standard language.19. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.20. Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.III. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. 21. arbitrariness 22. phonetics 23. bound morphemes 24. maxim of quality 25. synchronic linguistics 26. diglossia 27. The Sapir - Whorf hypothesis IV. Directions: Answer the following questions. 28. Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.Exercise TwoI.Direction: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word ,the first letter of which is already given as a clue .Note that you are to change the letter given.1. P_ is a branch of linguistics which studies how sound are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. 2. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _of that phoneme.3. B_ morphemes are those that must be combined with other morphemes to form words to be used independently.4. As a major component of grammar, s_ consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences .5. Observable contexts recognized in contextualism are of two kinds: the s _context and the linguistic context . 6. U_ is based on sentence meaning ; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication ,or simply in a context .17. Linguistic forms having the same s_ may have different references in different situations. 8. When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker, expressed within the overall system of a particular language .Such a personal dialect is referred to as I_.9. The most widely - spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the lost and addition of a _.10. M_ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.II.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. 11. Modern linguistics aims to lay down rules “correct linguistic behavior.12. The three voiceless stops / p / t / k /are unaspirated when preceded by / s / and followed by a vowel.13. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. 14. Tree diagrams of constituent structures can best illustrate the hierarchical order of sentences.15. Complete synonyms , i. e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances , are rare in English . 16. Pragmatics analyses sentences in isolation . 17. All language change with time. 18. Black English is as syntactically complex and logical as Standard English. 19. In view of language as an effective means of communication, we can say that standard language is purer, more correct, or more logical, than any other dialect of the language.20. The D-structure and the S-structure of every sentence looks quite different at different levels of representation. IV. Directions : Explain the following terms , using one or two examples for illustration.21. productivity 22. voiceless 23. morphology 24. universal grammar 25. polysemy 26. illocutionary act 27. speech community V. Directions: Answer the following questions. 28. According to the strong version of the SapirWhorf hypothesis, language determines speakers perceptions and patterns their way of life. How in your view does language relate to thought and culture?Exercise ThreeI. Directions: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. 1. Modern linguistics, which refers to linguistic study carried out in century, is mostly d _.2.The features that a phoneme possesses, making it different from other phonemes, are its d_ features.3. M_ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.4. According to the principles and parameters framework ,UG consists of a set of general conditions, or general p_, that general phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a , thus preventing this rule applying in certain cases.5. Linguistic forms having the same s_ may have different references in different situations.6. P_ studies how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.7. The most widely - spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the lost and addition of a _.8. R _ variation is speech variation according to the particular area a speaker comes from.9. A s_ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.10. IC analysis emphasizes the _ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.II Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. 11. The distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure .12. Aspiration is not a distinctive feature in English, because it does not distinguish meaning.13. A root bears clear and definite meaning, so it is a free morpheme.14. The D - structure and the S - structure of every sentence looks quite different at different levels of representation.15. In the diagram of the classic semantic triangle, the word symbol refers to the object in the world of experience.16. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.17. The double - negation construction used in Old English is no longer considered acceptable by most educated middle - class speakers of English today.18. Complete synonyms i.e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare in English.19. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.20. Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.III . Directions : Explain the following terms , using one or two examples for illustration.21. duality 22. phonology 23. free morphemes 24. X - bar theory 25. synonymy 26. maxim of quantity 27. sociolect IV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% x 2=20%)28. Consider the following sentence, and then, answer questions (1) to (3). The boy saw the man with the telescope. (1) Is this sentence ambiguous? If so, describe the ambiguity briefly in your own words. (2) Draw the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation. (3) What can be known about tree diagrams from (1) and (2)?Exercise FourI . Direction : Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word ,the first letter of which is already given as a clue .Note that you are to change the letter given.( 1% X 10 = 10% )1. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and p_ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.2. P_ refers to the study of speech sounds used in all human languages.3. The way of forming new words in English by the combination of two or sometimes more than two words is called _.4. A c_ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.5. B_ represented by Bloomfield attempted to defined the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response if calls forth in the hearer.6. An I_ act is the act of expressing the speaker intention; it is the act performed in saying something. 7. In the historical development of a language, the most vigorous and on going change in its vocabulary is referred to as l_ change.8. Modern linguistic is d_in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.9. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced with o_.10. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed p_.II . Directions : Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false . put a T for true or F false in the brackets in front of each statement . If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2% x 10 =20%) 11. The fact that an English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use language, but they are not mutually intelligible that human language is genetically transmitted.12. Minimal pairs are word forms which differ forms which di