Ⅲ.The 17th Century-The period of revolution and Restoration.docx

.The 17th Century: The period of revolution and RestorationThe Process The Civil War (1640-1651) (Oliver Cromwell) Charles I; Eight-month visit to Spain, attempted to marry a Spanish Princess; Two years later, he married the Bourbon princess of France instead; For Charles I Believed in divine right of kings, and thought he could govern according to his own conscious; God made him the king and God alone can tell him what to do. For the Church The king married to a Roman Catholic (generated antipathy and mistrust of the reformed groups, such as Puritans and Calvinists ) Failed to successfully aid the protestant forces during the Thirty years war. Forces the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practice (led to the Bishops Wars) For the Parliament Levying of the taxes without parliamentary consent; Disbanded the parliament for 11 months. Sought to curb Charles Is royal prerogative A series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (“Roundheads” ) and Royalists (“Cavalier”). Three phases: the first and second was pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649-1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. Ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester in 1651. The Commonwealth (1651-1660) The Restoration (1660-1688) The Glorious War (1688) (William III and Mary II)Historical backgroundParliament challenged King Charles Is authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces and executed him in 1649 (Civil war).Followed by a 10-year period of bourgeois republican government, the “Common wealth”.Restoration (monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles II in 1660).Glorious revolution.English literature of the Revolution and restoration period was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time. Two antagonistic campsThe Puritans (the Puritan type of writers)清教徒The Royalists (the Cavalier type of writers)保皇党人Restoration王朝复辟Three-year reign, King James II was directly involved in the political battles in England between Catholicism and Protestantism, and between the Divine Right of Kings and the political rights of the Parliament of England.Glorious Revolution光荣革命Glorious Revolution/ the Revolution of 16881688, James II was replaced by William III and Mary II (couple) as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established.Bill of Rights 1689ResultThe trial and execution of Charles IThe exile of his son, Charles II;The replacement of English Monarchy (at first with the Commonwealth of England and then the Protectorate ).Three kinds of poets, with four JOHNs as the typical poet(s).Puritan poet清教徒诗人 John Milton (1608-1674), 约翰弥尔顿 John Bunyan (1628-1688), 约翰班扬Cavalier骑士派诗人John Dryden (1631-1700) 约翰德莱顿 (the poet Laureate)(most notable representative of classicism in the Restoration period) Ben Jonson (1572-1637)本琼生The Metaphysical poet玄学派诗人 John Donne (1572-1631),约翰邓恩OthersRestoration writer (复辟作家, classicist)Tomas Carew, Sir John Suckling and Richard LovelaceSome prose writers -Robert Burton, Thomas Browne, Jeremy Taylor, Izaak WaltonParadise Lost (the only acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf)Samson AgonistesParadise regainedThe Pilgrims Progress (in the form of allegory)The fleaAll for loveAbsalom and Achitophel (heroic couplet)An essay of Dramatic poesyOn his Deceased WifeAreopagiticaDefence of the English PeopleSecond defence of the English PeopleMetaphysical poetry玄学派诗歌The poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poets. Example:“Itsuckedmefirst,andnowsucksthee,Andinthisflea,ourtwobloodsmingledbe;ThisfleaisyouandI,andthisOurmarriagebed,andmarriagetempleis”Cavalier Poets骑士派诗人CourtiersWrote light poetry, polished and elegant, but often superficial. Dealt in short songs on the flitting joys of the day, but underneath their light-heartedness lies some foreboding of impending doom. This spirit of pessimism and cynicism is typical of the aristocratic class in decline.Cavalier poets: a group of gentlemen who are loyal to Charles I during the English Civil Wars, as opposed to Roundheads (圆颅党)， who supported Parliament. They were also cavaliers in their style of polished and elegant lyrics as only one of their many accomplishments as soldiers, courtiers, gallants, and wits.John Milton (1608-1674)A supporter of Oliver Cromwell克伦威尔的支持者Pamphleteer小册子作者Argued for religious freedom and stood against the authority of the bishops.24 sonnetsIn literature, Milton occupied a transitional position. He came immediately after the Elizabethan period and absorbed the humanist culture; at the same time, he was a faithful puritan in his belief. In his poetry, he blends the tradition of the Renaissance with the spirit of revolutionary struggle and the ideas of puritanism.Born into bourgeois classProclaimed that he would write a “great English Epic”Self-appointed prophetic bardStudied independently for six yearsStrongly supported the Puritan Reformation清教徒改革Wrote with strong independence and on a variety of topicsChurch governmentDivorceRepublicanism共和主义Suffered many tragediesWife and son died in 1652Became blind the same yearNew wife and daughter died in 1656Went into hiding after the return of Charles II, briefly imprisonedDismayed by the failure of the ReformationThree literary periods:Early period: poems written in Cambridge and at HortonMiddle-aged period: political articles pamphlets;Old age: three giant works Paradise Lost (masterpiece) 失乐园； Paradise regained 复乐园； Samson Agonistes力士参孙 In the form of Greek tragedies, from the “book of Judges” in the “Old Testament”. Samson is Milton himself, fighting for the freedom of his country Why do we say that Samson is Milton? Samson Agonistes is developed from Judges of the Old Testament, Miltons last work. Basic idea: fight until last gasp, though blinded Milton put almost the entire soul into Samson. They have many things in common, and most of them lie in the fearless spirits. The whole poem strongly suggests Miltons passionate longing that he could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. In this sense, Samson is Milton.Milton style: Miltons grand style, know as Miltonic style. To express sublimity of thought, sonority, eloquence, majesty and grandeur style, in which Latin words and sentence structure, inversion, archaism, long sentence and mostly formal words are applied.John BunyanJohn Bunyans position in English historyThe Pilgrims Progress (sixty titles): he knew the Bible inside out and absorbed its sprit well. It is in fact a very through interpretation of the Bible and of the Christian spirit through allegorical images. It has been a book owned by almost every family in England for two following centuries.Puritan writer who participated in the struggle against the corrupt, dissolute feudal-aristocratic regimes of Charles II and James II.Pilgrims Progress 天路历程The life and Death of Mr. Badman 培德曼先生的一生The Holy warGrace abounding to the chief of sinners John DonneFounder of the Metaphysical poetrySongs and sonnets 歌谣与十四行诗A valediction: forbidding Mourning 分别：莫忧伤Holy Sonnets: 神圣十四行诗Death, Be not Proud 死神莫骄妄John DrydenForerunner of the English Classical School of literature in the 18th Century.The father of English Criticism.Glorious John光荣约翰Poet, literary critic, translator, playwright. Buried in Westminster Poets CornerThe greatest poet between Milton and Pope.Absalom and Achitophel, written in heroic couples, in political satiresMarriage a la mode“All for love” or “The world Well lost” (one of the masterpiece of Restoration tragedy).Mac FlecknoeThe Hind and the Panther牝鹿与豹An Essay of Dramatic poesy 论戏剧诗歌Annus Mirabilis 奇迹之年Heroic Stanzas 英雄诗辩A famous translatorCarmina (part) 歌集Iliados伊利亚特Aeneid 伊尼德TermsThe restoration comedy Englishcomedieswritten and performed in the Restorationperiod from 1660 to 1710. Comedy of manners is used as a synonym of Restoration comedy. Often witty and clever, but on the whole cynical and immoral. Notorious for its licentiousness, being full of love intrigue, seduction and promiscuity, dissolute upper class. Public stage performances had been banned for 18 years by puritan regime; re-opening of the theatres in 1660 (signaled a renaissance of English Drama) Personally encouraged by Charles II. Rakish aristocratic ethos of his court.Satire A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weakness and wrongdoings of individuals, institutions or humanity in general. It is a literary genre in which ridicule is thrown something by stressing its worst figures, often by the use of irony, thus assuming or affirming norm by which aberrations are judged. As a rhetorical device, it often uses sharp and acrimonious words and tone to expose and mock at peoples faults, stupidity or ugliness, etc. A feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm. In addition to irony, parody, exaggeration, comparison, analogy and double entendre can also be found.Irony Irony is a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humor or sarcasm. Sometimes, irony is used to show peoples intimate feelings, but in most cases it is used to criticize or expose bad and ugly things. In certain context, it can hold the readers attention and deepen his impression. Anti-phrase words used obviously with meanings opposite to their literal one, the simple form of irony Situational ironySymbolism象征主义 Symbolism, generally speaking, it is an object representing another to give it an entirely different meaning that is much deeper and more significant. An action, an event or a word spoken by someone may have a symbolic value. The word “smile” can sometimes be used as a symbol of friendship. Similarly, the action of smiling at someone may be understood as a symbol of the feeling of friendship.Neoclassicism 新古典主义 Revival of interest in the old classical works. Brought up in the Enlightenment movement. Its service to humanity Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic (John Dryden, Alexander Pope)Heroic Epic Characteristics：Hero of great importance (Satan, Adam) Set on a large scale Great battlesMilton style Also know as Miltonic verse, or Miltonic Epic, or Miltonic blank verse, refers to the poetic style of John Milton. Although Mil