1.微生物名解(英文版).doc

虫媒，各种英文Tinea 癣icosahedron二十面体Dane颗粒就是大球形颗粒是乙肝病毒的检测立克次体的方法：外斐试验weil-felix reaction引起手足口病的病毒是：coxsackievirus and ECHOCervical carcinoma, Genital herpes-HSV2Arboviruses 虫媒病毒人和动物的prion病：Animal: scrapie of sheep and goat羊瘙痒病；bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE牛海绵状脑病Human:Kuru disease库鲁病；Creutzfeld-Jakob disease,CJD克雅病；克雅病变种。人畜共患病:立克次体，螺旋体，沙眼衣原体,结核杆菌1.Bacterial L form: they are abnormal growth forms that may arise spontaneously or by the inhibition of cell wall synthesis in bacteria. Its cell deficiency form. G+ bacteria-protoplast; G-bacteria-spheroplast. Media: high osmotic. Reversion. Has phathogenicity.2.LPS: lipopolysaccharide. LPS consists of lipid A, core polysaccharide and specific polysaccharide. Lipid A: endotoxin, non-genus specific; core polysaccharide: genus-specific; specific polysaccharide: Oantigen.菌体抗原。特异多糖的缺失，细菌菌落从光滑S变为粗糙R。3.pyrogen: pyrogen is synthesized by bacteria(mostly G- bacteria). It can cause fever reaction when it is injected into the body of human or animals. Pyrogen is LPS of G- cell wall.Pass4.plasmid: plasmid is the extrachromosomal genetic elements which is small circular double-stranded DNA molecules. They are capable of self-replication and contain genes that determine many properties.Pass5.transformation: recipient bacteria directly takes up exogenous DNA of donor bacteria. Competence: bacterial state- at which bacteria can take up DNA from environment in log phase.6.adsorption: the proteins on the surface of virion(called virion attachment proteins, VAP) attached to specific receptors on the host cell surface. The process is called adsorption.7.normal flora: the microorganism which parasites on the body surface or tracts connecting with external. They dont harm the host in ordinary condition.8.infectious nucleic acid: infectious nucleic acid is purified viral DNA or RNA(without any protein) that can carry out the entire viral growth cycle and result in the production of complete virus particles. such as the genomes of dsDNA viruses and +ssRNA viruses.(not all purified viral DNA or RNA are infectious)9.prophage: the DNA of temperate phage integrated into bacterial DNA that turn into prophage.10. coagulase: An enzyme which causes coagulation in plasma by turning fibrinogen into fibrin, coagulase is found in all pathogenic strains of Staphylococci.Pass11. tuberculin test: using OT or PPD to detect whether it can cause hypersensitivity IV of skin, in order to judge if body has immunity to tubercle bacillus.12. antigenic shift抗原性转换: which are major changes based on the reassortment of segments of the genome RNA. It can result in a new influenza A subtype and usually cause large scale epidemic of influenza.Pass13.prion: prions are infectious protein particles with no detectable nucleic acid, causing animal and human central nervous system disease.14. defective virus:A defective virus is one that lacks one or more functional genes required for virus replication. defective virus cannot replicate without a “helper” virus , which provides the missing function e.g. HDV (defective virus ) / HBV(helper virus)15.lysogenic phage/temperate phage: infected bacterial phage does not replicate, its gene integrated with bacterial DNA, its replication is associated with bacterial DNA.16.DPT: refers to a class of combination vaccines against three infection diseases in humans：diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and killed whole cells of the organism that causes pertussis.17. HBsAg: protein antigen of HBv outer capsid, indicate the HBv infection. It can stimulate body to produce protective Ab and cell mediated immunity. 18.chlamydia: small filterable prokaryotic microbes. G-. cell wall similar to G- bacillus. Contain DNA and RNA. Obligate intracellular parasite, unique life-cycle. binary fissionPass19.opportunistic pathogens: some bacteria are unable to cause infection in ordinary condition , but can initiate infection under some certain condition.Pass20. cytocidal effect: virus which infect and replicate within cells causing the cells to lyse when the progeny virions are releaed. mainly found in naked viruses.21.SPA: staphylococcal Protein A: SPA is the cell wall protein of S. aureas. It can combine nonspecifically with the Fc portion of human IgG.Functions: anti-phagocytosis; damage platelet, activate B cell; coagglutination (rapid diagnostic technique)22. Disinfection(消毒): It is a process which kill pathogenic microorganisms. Sterilization(灭菌): It is a process which kill all microorganisms, including pathogenic, non-pathogenic and spore.23.基因工程疫苗：应用重组DNA技术，提取编码病毒特异性保护抗原的基因，将此基因插入载体，并导入酵母或大肠杆菌内表达相应的病毒抗原。如乙肝疫苗。24.AVP: antiviral proteins: IFN cant act directly on virus, but through induction of antiviral proteins AVP mainly consists of two new cell-encoded enzymes: (a) 2,5-A synthetase - synthesis of 2,5-A- activation of Rnase Ldegrade viral mRNAs (but not cellular mRNAs ) (b) protein kinase - inhibit viral protein synthesis. Pass25.reassortment: exchange of genetic material between two segmented viruses which infect the same cell. cause antigenic shiftPass26. Latent infection: virus is usually not detectable but patient may have periodic out-breaks of disease. In this infection, the acute disease is followed by an asymptomatic period during which the virus remains in a latent state.27. BCG：use the cow tuberculosis and culture it in the medium which contains potato ,glycerol甘油 and bile, through 230 generals ,13 years, the virulent variation ,it still have immunogenicity but has no toxic, Its a kind of living vaccines.28.IFN：A class of glycoprotein produced by cells in response to viral infection or other interferon inducers that protected other cells of same species from attack by a wide range of viruses.29.neutralizing antibody: antibodies that interfere with the adherence (adsorption and penetration) of viruses to cell surface are called neutralizing antibodies. (act on free viruses, but cant influence intracellular viruses directly)Pass30.vertical transmission: virus infections transmitted from mother to infants or child through placenta or through birth canal or. during breast-feeding. (CMV, HSV,HBV,HIV)31. cytopathic effect (CPE)（细胞病变）:The presence of the virus often gives rise to morphological changes in the host cell. Any detectable changes in the host cell due to infection are called cytopathic effect. Cytopathic effects (CPE) may consist of cell rounding, aggregation，fusion，shedding, etc.32.mycoplasma支原体: the smallest free-living prokaryotic organisms that can grow in artificial media. Non-cell wall, polymorphic. Both DNA and RNA. Culture: high nutritional requirements. “fried-egg”33.virulent phage毒性噬菌体: replicate in cell and release in lysis of bacteria. Lytic development: adsorption-penetration-biosynthesis-assembly and release.34.abortive infection顿挫感染: virus infects a cell(non-permissive cell), but cannot complete the full replication cycle. (non-productive infection)35.Pass HA: hemagglutinin（血凝素）：流感病毒2units: HA1and HA2 * agglutinate human and some animal RBC * be related to the adsorption of viruses (receptor : neuraminic acid神经氨酸，即唾液酸受体 ) * antigenicity: show great variability Abs to the HA are protective, neutralize viral infectivity.36. slow virus infection: with a long incubation period (years) followed by the onset开始 of clinical illness and progressive deteriorati