Chapter 16并列结构和从属结构.doc

Chapter 16并列结构和从属结构1. 并列结构 并列连词并列关系and, as well as, both and , not only but also, either or 选择关系or, or else, either or转折关系but, yet, while, whereas因果关系for, so练习1. Organisms regulate their movements _D_ positions in response to environmental stimuli.A. haveB. whereC. asD. and2. Five minutes earlier, _A_ we could have caught the last train.A. andB. butC. orD. so3. Sometimes patients suffering from severe pain can be helped by “drugs” that arent really drugs at all _C_ sugar pills that contain no active chemical elements.A. or ratherB. rather thanC. but ratherD. other than 4. A knot is a joining of two pieces of rope _B_ of cord.A. withB. orC. becauseD. where5. I think I was at school, _A_ I was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news.A. or elseB. and thenC. or soD. even so6. Argon is used to fill light bulbs, _B_ not react with the white-hot metal of the filament. 氩被用来充满灯泡，_它不予炽热的金属丝反应。A. doesB. for it does C. in it doesD. it does7. The Earth attracts bodies toward its center, _B_ all bodies fall in a direct line toward that point.A. thatB. soC. howeverD. nevertheless8. Great Salt Lake is fed by fresh-water streams, _A_ is about four to five as salty at the ocean.A. yetB. whichC. thereD. despite9. Many small birds use new sites for each nesting, _D_ large birds often reuse the same nest.A. byB. howC. withinD. whereas10. A bridge must be strong enough to support its own weight _C_ the weight of the people and vehicles that use it.A. as wellB. so wellC. as well asD. so well as11. The element carbon is widely found in nature in many forms including both diamonds as well as coal.12. A legislative body has the power not only to pass new laws, _ repel laws that have been passed earlier.A. toB. but also toC. and toD. in order to13. Prof. Ward hardly ever went to _ the theatre.A. neither the cinema norB. neither the cinema orC. either the cinema norD. either the cinema or 简单并列 I am only 63, but I feel an hundred. We have arrived at the hotel, and find it very comfortable. They ran across the field and past the farmhouse. Ill give you a nice cup of tea and a ginger biscuit. We are blessed by having known and loved a man of such goodness and wisdom. 复杂并列 My mother bought a shirt for me, and a hat for my brother. We named the boy Alien and the girl Betty. She put the books on the desk and the clothes on the bed. He went to this city in May and to that city in June. In summer, many people go to the seaside and bathe in the sea.插入并列和追加并列 在简单句中I am not sure whether Jane, or Sally, wrote the letter. Peter, but not John, plays football. 在复杂并列句中 Peter will, and Bob might, take the course. He is, or at least he was, a major composer. James read, and Alice wrote, in the next room. Some animals swallow, and others instinctively avoid, highly dangerous objects. Allen is keen on, and Jim seems interested in, linguistics. 假并列 Ill try and answer the question. They sat and talked about the good old times. It is nice and cool today. The air is nice and clean. 准并列 The money, along with three paintings, was stolen yesterday. The Minister, rather than the trades unions, is responsible for the present impasse僵局. as well asAs well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm. 介词 比较：She is clever as well as beautiful. 并列连词 He must irrevocably lose her as well as the inheritance. 并列连词She sings as well as playing the piano. rather than She telephoned rather than write/ writing/ wrote. They were skiing rather than skating. I want to sunbathe rather than (to) swim. She played matches rather than watched them. Rather than you say anything, I would speak to the manager myself. if not和not to say =if one may not say / not to mention, to to speak of / to say nothing of It would be foolish, if not mad, to sell your car. He has experience, to say nothing of scholarship. still less=much less 和let alone=still less, still more=much more I dont like him, still less respect him. He can do it, still more you. more than 肯定前者，否定后者 I was more angry than frightened. He is more dead than alive. She had spoken more in sorrow than in anger. not so much as =not so much X as Y =more Y than X= Y rather than X I dont so much dislike him as hate him. 我与其说不喜欢他，不如说我恨他。 He is not so much unintelligent as uneducated. The difference between the two phrases does not lie so much in form as in meaning. 2. 限定性状语从句/关系从句与并列分句的转换 时间、原因、让步、结果、对比等状语从句并列句时间：When violent storms arose, the workers sought shelter in the huts. When violent storms arose=Violent storms arose and, 原因：As you are tired, you had better take a rest. You are tired, and had better take a rest.让步：Although the treaty was signed at Panmunjon in 1953, Korea was still not a united country. The treaty was signed at Panmunjon in 1953, but Korea was still not a united country.结果：The bridge had been destroyed, so that they could not return.The bridge had been destroyed, and (so) that they could not return. 对比： He is fat, whereas his wife is thin.He is fat, but his wife is thin. 否定条件状语从句并列句 If we dont hurry up, we shall be late. Hurry up, or we shall be late. If she were not engaged, she might have accepted his proposal. She was engaged, or she might have accepted his proposal. Unless you study harder, you will never pass your examination. Study harder, or you will never pass your examination. 接续性关系从句并列句 Ive invited Ann, who lives in the next flat. Ive invited Ann, and she lives in the next flat.She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself.She gave me this jumper; she had knitted herself. 句子关系从句并列句 The rain rattled on the roof all night, which kept us awake. The rain rattled on the roof all night, and that kept us awake. He refused to do his share of the chores, which we were angry to hear. He refused to do his share of the chores, and we were angry to hear it. 非限定状语并列谓语/并列句 Entering a covert丛林, she walked along a ride骑马道. She entered a covert, and walked along a ride. You men by the dozen came up, asking her to dance.You men by the dozen came up, and asked her to dance. Drenched湿透 and blinded by the rain, she fought here way.She was drenched湿透 and blinded by the rain, and she fought here way.The game being over, there was no point in our waiting longer.The game was over, and there was no point in our waiting longer.3. 无依附非限定性结构 作谓语外加状语、隐含主语泛指任何人或讲话人 talking of, speaking of, putting it mildly说得客气一点, judging by, beginning (with), taking into consideration, to be frank, to say the least退一步讲, stated bluntly不客气地讲, etc. Generally speaking (=If one may speak in a general sense), boys are a nuisance. Judging by (=If one may judge by) the time he took over it, it must have been a difficult job. To be frank with (=I tell you frankly), I dont thibk the plan will succeed. 隐含主语是整个主要结构/领句 The new machine will work faster, thus reducing our coats. =We hope the new machine will work faster, thus reducing our coast. 隐含主语是不定代词 Bearing in mind the competitive environment, this is a creditable 可信的result. (=If one bears in mind , ) In diving, the knees should not be bent. (=When one is diving, ) When purchasing a winter coat, it is very important to try it on with heavy clothing underneath. (=When one is purchasing ) To acquire a really good pronunciation, it is necessary to go to England. (=If one is to acquire ) Being (It being) Christmas, the government offices were closed. (=Since it was ) when和where引导的过去分词结构 Take ten drops when needed. You are to insert prepositions where required.练习1. The worldwide race to develop an affordable synthetic fuel has so far consumed billions of dollars and _ few results.A. yieldedB. yieldingC. yield hasD. has a yield of2. Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure _.A. than more on efficiencyB. and more efficiencyC. and more on efficiencyD. than efficiency3. Nebraska has floods in some years, _.A. in others droughtsB. droughts are othersC. while others droughtsD. others in droughts4. While _ the sun, the satellite has sent more than four billion bites of information back to earth.A. orbitedB. being orbitedC. having been orbitedD. orbiting5. I like watching TV _ to the cinema.A. more than to goB. than goingC. rather than to goD. more than going6. Duke Ellington was a composer, conductor, and pianist _ ranked as one of the greatest of jazz figures.A. himB. althoughC. or D. who7. As choreographer, Martha Graham devised a wide variety of movements and gestures _ new ways of thinking about the body.A. as wellB. and as wellC. and wellD. as well as8. In Scandinavian countries household goods are devised both to function well _.A. and to be looking beautifulB. and to look beautifulC. and to be beautiful lookingD. as well as to look beautiful9. Jean had not realized how long the magazine was or _.A. its reading difficultyB. that it was so difficult to readC. its difficulty in readingD. how difficult it was to read10. Because of political and religious persecution, immigrants fled to this country, from industrial countries _ non-industrial countries.A. as well asB. coming to also fromC. as well D. as from more11. Collecting coins was his favorite pastime, but _.A. he also enjoy music listeningB. listening to music also gave him great pleasureC. also listening to musicD. to listen to music was enjoyed by him also12. It is better to die on ones feet than _.A. living on ones kneesB. live on ones kneesC. on ones kneesD. to live on ones knees13. While in Europe, the tourists enjoyed to their hearts content the weather, the food and _.A. go to the theatreB. to go to the theatreC. going to the theatreD. the theatre14. At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than _ features and editorials.A. the writing ofB. writing ofC. writingD. into the writing of 15. He stared into the blackness and wondered if she was aware of his presence as _.A. he was of hersB. he was of herC. he did of herD. he did of hers16. There are considerable differences _ the world as we perceive it.A. that exist in the world as it is andB. neither in the world as it is nor inC. between the world as it is andD. from the world as it is and17. The techniques of recording, classifying, and _ is known as accounting.A. an enterprises transactions summaryB. the summarizing of an enterprises transactionsC. transactions of an enterprise are summarizedD. summarizing the transactions of an enterprise18. Lincoln, Nebraska, is an important manufacturing, insurance, and _ center.A. shipping of grainB. to ship grainC. grain was shippedD. gain shipping19. Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually _.A. generate new seedsB. new seeds generatedC. by generating new seedsD. new seeds generated there20. The natural resources of Kentucky include rich soils and mineral deposits, _, and plentiful plant and animal life.A. forests are thickB. thick forestsC. thickly forestedD. are forested t