语言学练习20101103.doc

I.Fill in the blanks of the following statements with a proper word or phrase. (20%)1. Competence is best described as our internalized knowledge of a l_.2. A p_ is the smallest contrastive (or distinctive) unit in the sound system of a language.3. C_(s) are created when that airflow is directly restricted, or obstructed, so that air cannot escape without creating friction that can be heard.4. A compound is a word containing a stem that is made up of more than one r_.5. T_ is a grammatical category, typically marked on the verb, that deictically refers to the time of the event or state denoted by the verb in relation to some other temporal reference point.6. P_ is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance.7. A s_ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.8. According to its position in the word, a_ can be divided into three kinds: prefixes, infixes and suffixes.9. The smallest meaningful unit of language is m_.10. D_ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.11. In terms of morphemic analysis， d_ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.12. B_ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes， to form a word.13. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_.14. S_ can be defined as the study of meaning.15. The description of a language as it changes through time is a d_ study.16. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use， it is said to be d_.17. Similar to Saussures distinction between langue and parole is the distinction between c_ and performance by the linguist N. Chomsky.18. The affixes indicating number, tense, degree and case are i_ affixes.19. Words that are close in meaning are called s_.II. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False：1. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.3. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.4. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.5. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.6. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops，fricatives，bilabial and alveolar.7. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.8. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.9. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. 10. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.11. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number， tense， degree， and case.12. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.13. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order， with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.14. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number，but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. 15. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.16. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. T17. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. 18. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.19. Hyponymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.20. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called polysemy.III. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. 1. Linguistics is the scientific study of _.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. The consonant f in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: _.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix ed in the word learned is known as a(n) _.A. derivational morpheme B. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4._ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D. /b/5. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic7._ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences8. “-s” in the word “books” is_. A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root9. “good” and “bad” are _. A. gradable antonyms B. relational opposites C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above10. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a（n） _. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme11. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _. A. how words and phrases form sentences B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.12. The sentence structure is _. A. onl