渔科00级专业英语空白A卷.doc

集 美 大 学 考 试 卷（A）课程名称（包括年级）专业英语（海洋渔业科学与技术专业00级）成绩班 级姓名学号一、 Write out the full English words of the following abbreviations in the oceanography and fishery science.（20 points）、 GlOBEC: 、 UNCLOS: 、 COD: 、 CPUE: 、 LC50: 、 MSY: 、 EEZ: 、 NASA：、 FDA10、NE monsoon: 二、Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20 points）1. 沿岸海洋资料进行同化来建模的目的是：1、更好地理解过去发生的事情；2、有助于预测未来。 2. 与实用目的的研究对比，海洋的纯科学目的的研究是一个相对新的现象。3. 广义地讲，捕捞渔业可以划分为工业、小规模/个体和休闲捕捞。4. 纯粹的自给性渔业是很少的，这是由于部分产品经常会被卖掉或者与别的商品或服务交换。5. 由于过度捕捞主要底层肉食性鱼类会引起牧食压力下降，进而造成生态位空缺，而这种空缺很快被生活史较短的和小的底层被捕食者（例如：鱿鱼）填补，这样就很快形成了一个新的渔业。三、 Translate the following sentences into English（20 points）、 鸟儿在头顶盘旋，极目远眺，树木点缀着风景，也许你会很幸运地看到几只别的动物匆匆跑过。、 一茶匙的海水中含多达一百万个单细胞浮游植物。、 渔船的大小，甲板布局、承载能力、住宿、机械和设备都与其完成设计的操作而具备的功能有关。、 科学家和渔业管理人员觉得有必要采取行动来防止夏威夷主要岛屿水域底层鱼类资源的进一步衰退。、 渔具是指用来捕获水生资源的工具，而渔法就是指如何使用渔具。四、 Reading comprehension (25 points)Overfishing and loss of habitat are the primary causes for the decline in Hawaiis fisheries. In 1995, the State Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR) formed a broad-based Fishermens Advisory Panel (Panel) to help develop a comprehensive management plan for the depleted bottomfish fishery around the main Hawaiian islands. The Panel recognized the need to control fishing effort and raise the spawning potential ratios of the stocks at risk. Under the provisions contained in Hawaiis Bottomfish Fishery Management Plan (FMP) a Bottomfish Plan Team performs an annual review of the fisheries and status of the stocks each year. Its a complicated science, but based on the best information available to the team members, the Plan Team must determine the size of the bottomfish stocks in the main Hawaiian Islands. Some of these indicators include Catch Per Unit of Effort: each hook placed in the water equals one unit of effort. If it takes more and more hooks to catch the same amount of fish the catch per unit of effort is going down and this indicates that there are fewer fish out there to catch. How do they determine how many hooks it takes to catch one fish? Fishermen help provide this important information by maintaining logbooks and turning in catch reports. In the mid 1990s the Catch Per Unit of Effort: for onaga and ehu fell below 50% of what was in 1986. Maximum Sustainable Yield is the largest annual catch of a particular species that fishermen can take continuously without over fishing it. The problem with MSY as an indicator of the health of the fishery is that we never know what MSY is until we have over fished the stock. Then it is an uphill battle to get back to where we were before the stock was over fished. Optimum Sustainable Yield, as it is now defined in the federal Sustainable Fisheries Act, is MSY minus a precautionary fudge factor to protect the stock from over fishing. Other indicators include the Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR), which measures the percentage of sexually mature individuals in the total catch. The SPR uses catch rates and size-frequencies to calculate a number that compares the estimated spawning biomass of the current years fish population to an estimate of the virgin spawning biomass. When SPR drops below 0.20 the stock is considered to be in trouble. Simply put, the fishery managers dont just rely on one factor to determine if a fishery is stressed. Fisheries biology may never be an exact science, but its the best we have to help manage our fish stocks. The Advisory Panel recommended and the State has adopted strict gear restrictions for those fishermen targeting bottomfish. The use of nets, traps, trawls, and longlines for bottom fishing is prohibited. The possession of such gear on boats with bottomfish is also prohibited. These restrictions are very important because the use of these types of gears would greatly increase effort in the fishery and make recovery of the stocks that much more difficult. Non-commercial bag limits is another management measure that is included in the bottomfish plan. There is a noncommercial bag limit of five (5) onaga or ehu, or a combined total of five for both. This limit allows recreational anglers to catch enough fish for subsistence use while others can obtain a commercial bottomfish fishing license if they want to catch more for commercial sale. Since one of the responsibilities of a commercial license holder is to keep a log book and file catch reports this rule helps data collection as well. It is critical that accurate logbooks and catch reports be kept and filed by fishermen to prevent a decline in stocks and harvest. Logbooks record the day and area fished, the number of traps, fishing lines, hooks per line, net length, hours fished per method and area, and number and pounds of the various species of fish caught. Commercial fishers are required to keep a logbook and file a timely catch report, but recreational fishers should do so voluntarily. It is in their long term interest as well that fish stocks remain abundant. Without basic logbook data fisheries management is only guess work. The bottomfish FMP also includes a vessel identification system. All vessels fishing for bottomfish must have a special vessel identification number so they can be identified from a distance while on the open ocean. The numbers must be displayed on both sides of the vessel, either near the top of the gunwales or on the superstructure and must be no less than six (6) inches high and three (3) inches wide in size. The State has also designated certain Bottomfish Restricted Fishing Areas that comprise 20% of important habitat for spawning onaga and ehu. No bottom fishing is allowed in these areas. This measure was based on a recommendation from the Advisory Panel, which recognized that a network of fish nursery areas (no-fishing-zones) was needed around all the high islands (Hawaii, Maui, Lanai, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai) that would be permanently off limits to fishing in order to replenish the stocks and preserve the resource for future generations. The 20% set aside is subject to a five year review. Seasonal closures are used to protect a specific spawning area, spawning season or critical life stage of the fish. It was not used in the Bottomfish FMP because no-fishing areas must be closed for years to be effective and the benefits of the closures can be quickly lost when fishing resumes and may lead to extra fishing effort when they are opened again. Size limits have limited effectiveness due to discard mortality. Fish often die when caught in deep water because of injuries associated with depth changes and even when handled carefully, a certain percentage die because of the way they are hooked. When fishing levels are high, accidental mortality would be enough to dissipate any benefits of a size limit. In addition, the big mature fish that are kept are the reproductive factories of the oceans. One 8-10 year old female can generally reproduce as many eggs as 200-300 2-4 year olds. Thats what makes over fishing these bigger fish so destructive. These fish are more aggressive and therefore caught by fishermen first. As the big fish disappear, so does the species ability to quickly replenish itself. Limited entry schemes, which require a data base, reduce or restrict the number of participants. It was not utilized as a management method in the Bottomfish FMP because there is no statutory authority for it and because bottomfish are harvested in Hawaii in small quantities by a large number of local fishermen, most of whom are fishing as recreational fishermen. Hatchery programs and stock enhancement programs release young fish into the wild to build up local populations. Hatcheries must incorporate genetic material from wild stocks on a regular basis to avoid interbreeding problems. Although these programs sound like promising methods for rebuilding fish populations, they are expensive and have not generally proven effective for increasing overall abundance. While stock enhancement is not realistic for bottomfish, opakapaka and ehu may have some aquaculture potential. Hawaii has had some success with seeding certain coastal areas with hatchery-reared moi (threadfin) and mullet. Artificial reefs provide cover from predators and substrate for food and, if properly placed, may increase total biomass; although so me are concerned that