湖北省十堰市竹山县茂华中学八年级英语下册《Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shell》单元自主学习资料 人教新目标版.doc

八年级英语下册unit 6 how long have you been collecting shell单元自主学习资料重点词组（key phrases）1. 纵列式滑冰马拉松 inline skating marathon2. 一双滑冰鞋a pair of skates3. 雪花玻璃球snow globe4. 用尽、缺乏ran out of5. 告知let know6. 顺便说一句by the way7. 对感兴趣be interested in8. 收集贝壳collect shells9. 为慈善事业筹款raise money for charity10. 创建一个俱乐部 start a club11. 对某事表示祝贺 congratulations on doing sth.12. 到目前为止 so far13. 在菜单上 on the menu14. 尽全力做 do ones best15. 相配、调和 go together16. 入乡随俗 go native17. a和b的不同之处 differences between a and b18. 在某人的盘子上 on ones plate19. 做某事不礼貌 its not polite to do sth.20. 用特殊的方法 in a special way21. 与某人一同分享 share sth. with sb. 单元重点难点释义 (language points)1. 现在完成进行时：表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的工作，这个动作可能刚结束，也可能还要继续下去，常与for two hours, since 1998, all this morning, these few days等表示一段时间的状语连用。强调“谈论一直做某事”。现在完成进行时的构成：have / has been （现在分词）doing，否定形式为：have / has not been doing，一般疑问句构成：have / has sb. been doing sth.?特殊疑问句形式（询问持续时间长短）：how long have / has sb. been doing sth.? 例：i have been cleaning the room all this morning. 我今天一上午都在打扫房间。 ive been studying english since i was 4 years old. 自从4岁起我就一直学英语。 he has been living in the street for about 20 years. 他一直在这条街住了近20年了。 have you been talking with him on the phone since 6:00 p.m.? 你六点起就一直在给他讲电话？ how long has it been raining? 雨下多久了？ what book have you been reading recently? 最近你在看什么书？ i havent been seeing a film for a long time. 我好长时间没看电影了。 注：for表示时间的持续，后跟时间段。表示一段时间，多与带数词的名词连用，谓语需用延续性动词。 since表示“自从过去某一时间点以来”，后面接时间点，强调动作或状态一直延续到现在，一般用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。since后可接表时间的名词或名词短语，也可接一个时间状语从句。2. congratulations on winning the skating marathon! congratulations! 祝贺你！ congratulations on doing sth. 祝贺你做了某事3. i skated in a marathon last year. 我在去年的一场马拉松比赛中就滑冰。 youre an excellent skater. 你是位出色的滑冰运动员。 excellent adj. 优秀的，出色的。 e.g. youve done an excellent job. 你干得相当出色。 shes an excellent student of our school. 她是我们学校一位优秀的学生。4. how many do you have? i have about 22 so far. “so far”意为“到目前为止”，常用于完成时的句子中作时间状语。 e.g. i havent found anything unusual so far. they have collected more than 500 movie posters so far.5. are these stuffed animals all yours? 这些填充动物都是你的吗？ （1）stuff v. 填塞，装满，stuffed adj. 填充的，装满的 （2）物主代词：mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours,theirs可充当表语，主语，宾语等。本句中是在问句中充当表语。 e.g. this is not my skate. it might be hers. （作表语） my room is room 205. wheres yours? （作主语） could you please lend your pen to me? mine is broken. （作主语） lets first clean their rooms, and then ours. （作宾语）6. how long did you skate? （一般过去时）how long have you been skating? （现在完成进行时）how long have you been here?(现在完成时)（1） 注：一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，该动作已结束，不强调同现在的关系;而现在完成进行时表示动作从过去开始发生一直持续进行（到现在），可能仍在进行，也可能停止了一会儿。现在完成时强调的是：i表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,ii过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的动作或状态，可以和表示延续的时间状语连用。注意这三个时态语意上的差异。（2）how long ? 多长时间？（疑问句）e.g.how long have you been waiting? 你已经等了多久？ how long will the meeting last? 会议将持续多长时间？7. students are skating to raise money for charity. raise vt. 举起 rise vi. 起身，升起（太阳、月亮等） raise ones hand 举手，raise ones hat to sb. 向某人举帽致敬， raise a child 养育孩子，raise funds 筹集资金，raise salaries 增加薪水， raise money 筹钱，筹款8. im talking to you from the hilltop school skating marathon. 我正在hilltop学校的滑冰马拉松为您报道。 from此处指电视直播的发出地点。9. for every hour they skate, each student raises ten yuan for charity. 每滑一小时，每个学生为慈善机构筹集10元钱。 every, each 都表“每一”，但every 大家具有的共性，every 还等于all，表示全体齐全，一个不缺；而each强调每个人或事物有着各自互不相同的个性或差异性。此外every还可表每隔（一段时间/距离）。 e.g. every student is here. 学生都到齐了。 every two weeks he goes to visit his friends in the town. each person has his own advantages. 每个人都有他的优势（长处）。 each story has an interesting name.10. alison was the first one to start, and has been skating for the whole five hours. alison是第一个开始滑的，并且已滑了足足5个小时。 注：序数词前必须用定冠词the，后接名词或代词。句中不定式短语“to start”作后置定语，修饰代词one, one指代滑冰的人。 whole adj. “整个的，完整的”，前常加“the”或物主代词。 e.g. i want to get to know the whole story. he puts his whole life on education.11. my mom says i have to stop, because weve run out of room to store them. （1）run out of “用尽，用完” e.g. weve run out of all the water in the jar. （2）room n.（可数）房间 （不可数）空间，地方 e.g. theres no room in the room, so youd better put the boxes outside. （3）store n. 商店；贮藏：book store 书店 department store百货商场 v. 贮存，收集；store up grain 储备粮食12. if you know anyone else who collects them, please tell me. （1）anyone “任何人”，any“任何的”（用于肯定句）。 （2）else“别的，其他的”，形容词/副词。 else作形容词时常用作后置定语，即放在疑问代词who, what, which或放在不定代词something, anything, nothing, anyone, everyone后面。 else作副词通常放在疑问副词when, where, how后面。 e.g. who else has any good ideas? i have something else to tell you. what else do you want? nothing else. where else in china have you been to? when else can i meet you?13. id like to start a snow globe collectors club. would like to do sth. 想做某事（would常缩写为d） start v. 开办、创建14. by the way, whats your hobby? by the way 顺便说（提）一下。way可指“道路”“方法、途经，方式” 语法知识现在完成进行时的谓语动词构成i/ we/ you/ they have been workinghe/ she/ it has been working现在完成进行时的用法（一）表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。the chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）i have been learning english since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）（二）表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作。we have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了。（动作不在继续下去）（三）有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。they have been living in this city for ten years.they have lived in this city for ten years.他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。i have been working here for five years.i have worked here for five years.我在这里已经工作两年了。（四）大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。i