代词(17页).doc

代词概念及分类：代词是代替名词及其短语、句子等的词。按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词、关系代词和连接代词九种。知识点一：人称代词人称代词起代表人和事物的作用，有人称、数和格的变化。人称代词的形式: 主格: 单数I 、 you 、 he 、 she 、 it 复数 we 、you 、they宾格: 单数me 、you 、him 、her 、 it 复数us 、 you 、them1、作主语（用主格）：She is a teacher. We love our country. It is my book.注意：1）、人称代词主格单数he.she和it的复数形式相同，都是they,宾格形式也相同，为them。2）、主格代词（I,she等）一般不单独使用，也不用于带not 的简短回答中，这种情况下往往用宾格代词。Who did it? Me/Not me.3）、I 永远要大写，无论在句前还是在句中。2、作宾语（用宾格）1)、作及物动词的宾语。Xiao Li helped me with my lessons. We all know her.2) 、介词宾语。3) He had a talk with me this month. Please look at it.3、作表语。比较正式的场合用主格，口语中用宾格。-Who is knocking at the door?-Its me.Oh，Its you.补充：1）、人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。例如：Jack is older than her. Xiao Li is older than I am. 2） 、人称代词在句中并列使用时，一般的顺序为：单数you,he and I, 复数we，you and they You, she and I enjoy the music.3） she 常可以代表国家、大地、月亮、太阳、船只等。China will always do what she promised to do.The Shanghai (上海轮) arrives tomorrow.,doesnt she?题型考点：4)、it 的用法：（1）、指代this 或 that Whats this? Its a cat.That must be a cat,isnt it?(2)、指代时间、距离、天气、环境等Whats the weather like today? Its windy.Its about one hours walk from my home to school.Its time to go home.If it rains tomorrow,we will stay at home.He liked living there,it was usually very quiet.(3)、用来确指某人，特别是身份不明的人。Who is it? Its the postman.I dont know it was you.(4)、指代前文提到过的一件事情I wont do it again. Have you heard about it?Dont mention it. A woman saw it happen.(5）、作形式主语或形式宾语代替不定式、动名词短语或主语从句Its nice of you to give me so much help.It seems that Chinese food is the most popular in the world.How long does it take you to go home by bike?He found it very difficult to sleep.I think it right to do it like this.【2013重庆】 Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is A. another B. the other C. one another D. one【答案】A【解析】考查代词用法。A项“（泛指）另一个，再一个”；B项“（特指）两者中的另一个”；C项“互相”；D项“一个”；根据句子意思：回收是保护环境的一种方式；再利用是另一种方式，可知选A。【2013安徽】 This project requires close teamwork. will be achieved unless we work well together.A. Nothing B. Anything C. Something D. Everything【答案】A【解析】考查代词。根据句意：除非我们一起合作良好，否则的话不会取得任何成就。故选A。【2013福建】A society cannot be successful if it throws tradition away, but it cannot be successful _ if we do something to stop progress.A. either B. neither C. too D. also【答案】A【解析】考查代词用法。根据句意，一个社会不可能会成功如果.，一个社会也不会成功如果。表示“也不”，故选A。补充：it、 that、 one 的用法区别It 替代特定的、同一的事物，既可以代替可数名词单数，又可以代替不可数名词。That 替代特定的、但不同一的事物，既可以代替可数名词单数，又可以代替不可数名词。One 替代一个不确定的、泛指的人或物，只替代可数名词单数。Yesterday I lost my pen,but Ive found it.Yesterday I lost my pen,but now Ive bought one .My seat is next to that of my teacher.知识点二：物主代词表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，形容词性 my 、your 、his 、her 、 its 、our 、 your 、 their名词性 mine 、yours 、his 、hers 、its 、ours 、yours 、theirs1、形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，在句中作定语。例如：I saw it with my eyes. Our English teacher is a beautiful girl.2、名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中作主语、宾语和表语。Her dress is green.Mine is blue.(作主语)- Is this English-book yours? - No,Its his. (作表语)I lost my pen. May I use yours? Your bike is different from his. (作宾语)注意：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词虽然都译成“的”，但形容词性物主代词只能作定语，后面需有名词；名词性物主代词不能用在名词之前，因为名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词加上相应的名词，如：My bike is black,and hers is red. 其中hers等于 her bike。Marys hair is longer than mine.(my hair).Her bike is different from ours.【2013浙江】 Half of _ surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and darkest fears.A. these B. some C. ones D. those【答案】D【解析】考查代词。横线后有后置定语surveyed in 16 countries，根据句意，被调查的那些人中的一半，可知选D。知识点三：反身代词表示我自己，你自己，他自己，我们自己，你们自己等表示自身或强调自身的代词称为反身代词。（动词所表达的动作返回到动作者本身）反身代词有人称和数的变化，其形式如下表：单数：myself 、yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、复数：ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语，不能做主语。1. 作宾语，反身代词的最主要功能就是作宾语。He taught himself English.I cut myself this morning.Would you please express yourself in English? Help yourself to some tea.The boy is too young to look after himself. （介词宾语）Dont think too much of yourself.(介词宾语)2. 作表语。She is not quite herself today.The woman in the picture is myself.3. 作同位语，强调和反身代词同位的名词或代词。1)、和主语同位.。They themselves wanted to go together.I myself washed the clothes.You yourself said so.He himself was a doctor. 作主语同位语时，可放主语之后也可放句末。She taught her English herself.She herself told me the news.2)、和宾语同位Youd better ask the doctor herself. 补充：要牢记反身代词与及物动词构成的固定搭配enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)help oneself to (随便吃/喝 些.) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学)look oneself （ 照顾自己） come to oneself （苏醒过来） wash oneself (自己洗澡)反身代词常和介词构成习惯用语，by oneself for oneself 独自地say to oneself 自言自语among themselves 他们之间反身代词不能单独作主语。Myself did it. (错)I myself did it. (对)知识点四：指示代词指示代词是用来指代上下文中出现的人或事的代词。单数 this， that， such , same, it 复数 these， those, such, same1. 在句中起名词作用，作主语、宾语、表语；也可起形容词作用，作定语。This is an apple. Thats a good idea. 主语I like this and he likes that. Will you tell me all about that. 动词宾语和介词宾语The reason is this, 表语These bags are very heavy. Who will talk with that man. 定语2. 指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人， That is my teacher. (对)那是我的老师。（ that作主语，指人） He is going to marry this girl. (对)他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词）She is going to marry this. (错)（this作宾语时不能指人）I bought this. (对)我买这个。(this指物，可作宾语)3.this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人.I want this one,not that one.This is a pen and that is a pencil.We are busy these days.In those days the workers had a hard time.4. 有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these则是指下面将要讲到的事物.I had a cold. Thats why I didnt come.He was ill yesterday .I am sorry to hear that.Tell the children to do like this: put up this stickWhat I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English.5. 有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that 指代前文同类的不可数名词，those代替前文同类的复数可数名词。用 the one 指代与前文同类的单数可数名词。例如：Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.The boxes are heavier than those on the desk.The population of China is large than that of Japan.The weather in summer in Beijing is cooler than that in Shanghai.6. this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如：Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?7.That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：He admired that which looked beautiful. (对)他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。He admired those who looked beautiful. (对)他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）8.it 指人时也可作为指示代词看待。Who is it? Its me.Oh,Its you, Zhang Ling.9.such 和 same 也是指示代词。他们的单数、复数形式相同，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。Such are the results.(主)The same may be said of his sister.(主)His mistake is not such that he cant overcome it.(表语)Our coats are the same. (表语)Take from the bag such as you need.(宾语)My sister cut the cake and her child did the same. (宾语)I have met many such people.(定语)We go to the same school. (定语)注意：1）、such 作定语时，如果名词前有不定冠词，则such 放在不定冠词前面。I have never seen such a beautiful place before.2）、在same 之前，一定要用定冠词the。【2013江西】_ can be good at something for 40 years if he doesnt love it.A. AnybodyB. EverybodyC. NobodyD. Somebody【答案】C【解析】考查代词。根据句意，不可能会有人40年都擅长一个事情，如果他不喜欢的话。故答案选C。【2013辽宁】 To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her students and then _ of her colleagues.A. that B. one C. ones D. those【答案】A【解析】考查代词。根据句意“先赢得了学生的信任，然后赢得了同事的信任”，此处用于替代不可数名词trust，应用that；如果替代可数名词复数用those或the ones。【2013山东】 Ive lived in New York and Chicago, but dont like _ of them very much. A. eitherB. any C. each D. another 【答案】A解析原创：山东省 【解析】考查代词用法。根据句意：我在纽约和芝加哥都居住过，但这两个地方我都不是很喜欢。短语noteither=neither（两者都不），故答案选A。解知识点五：不定代词不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，具有名词和形容词性质，并有可数和不可数之分，没有确定的对象而有非确定的特指意义。在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：1. some与any 1)some any相当于名词和形容词，作定语时均可以代替可数名词和不可数名词。some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”。作形容词时，后面可以接不可数名词+单数动词;可数名词+复数动词。Some of the students are cleaning the library.Some rice in the bag has been sold out.Some of the boys are good at swimming.any多用于疑问句、否定句中，表示“一些”。用作形容词时，后面可以接不可数名词+单数动词;可数名词+复数动词。Any of you can do it.Have you got any colour chalk?Are there any stamps in your drawer?补充：1)当some表示请求、建议，且希望得到肯定回答而不被拒绝的时候，可以用于疑问句中，如：Could you give me some help? It is too heavy.当any表示“任何”的时候，可以用于肯定句中，如：Any news about him is very important.Will you give me some water? Could I have some apples? 2）、if 引导的条件句中，用any 不用some.If you have any money,buy some books. If you have any questions, please ask me.3）、any 也可与比较级连用，表示程度。Is she any better today?2. few, a few, little, a little 用法 用于可数名词 用于不可数名词 表示肯定概念 a few虽少，但有几个 a little，虽少，但有一点 表示否定概念 few不多，几乎没有 little不多，没有什么1)、它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。Few of us have been to Beijing.I know little about the book.There is a little water in this bottle.He has few friends.2）、a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。Im a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry)Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)She slept very little last night.3. other, the other, others, the others, another,other 某一个，另一些，其他的。不能单独使用，只做定语，后面需跟单数名词或复数名词，泛指别的。others 其它。必须单独使用，泛指别人或别的东西。常用于“some others”结构。the other （两个中的）另一个，剩下的一个。特指。常用于“one the other ”结构；且the other + 单数或复数名词 表示在一定范围内的另一个或另一部分，特指。the others 其他全部，其余的。表示在一个范围内的剩下的其他全部。another另一个（指三个及其以上的任何一个）可单独用，也可接单数名词；还可接名词复数，表示另几个，再几个。 Where are his other books?Some are red,and others are black.She has two sisters,one is a nurse ,the other is a teacher.Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.Would you have another cup of tea?You can see another ship in the sea, cant you?Show me another one,please?Im still hungry after Ive had this cake. Please give me another.4. every与eacheach 每一个，强调个别情况。主、宾、定、状,可单独使用,可用做代名词、形容词、用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物。every 每一个，强调整体，“每个都”“人人都”，只作定语，不可单独使用，仅用作形容词，用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物。The teacher gave a toy to each child.Each ball has a different color.(定)I gave each an apple when they came.(宾)当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.补充：1)、只能说each of , 不能说every of ,every one = eachEach of the rooms can hold twenty people.（主）2）、each 、every 作定语时，后加单数名词；each单独作主语时谓语动词用单数。Each student has a book.Every student has a book.3）表达“每几个”，只能用everyEvery four days 每四天Every other day 每隔一天Every few meters 每隔几米5. all,both,none,either,neither的用法。1)all指三者以上，谓语动词的单复数根据all指代的或修饰的名词的单复数来决定。both 两个人或事物，对两者的肯定。none 三者或三者以上都不，是all的全部否定式，后不直接接名词，需加of 再加名词。either 对两者之一的肯定。neither 对两者中任一的否定，是both 的全部否定式。作主语 All of us like Mr Pope. = We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语) Either ( of the books) will do . Neither (of the books)is correct. Neither of us enjoy getting up early. Both of you are right.作宾语 I will take both of them with me. You make take either with you. I agree with neither of you. I have forgotten all about it.作定语 Both seats are taken. You may take either road. There are trees on either side (=on both sides). Neither seat is taken. All students like the film.补充：1）作定语时，either neither 后面加单数名词，both只能和复数名词连用，而all 可以和单数或不可数名词或复数名词搭配。There are trees on both sides of the road.He has lived here all his life.He has spent all the money on the books.All the water has been used up. (作主语)All I know is that he knew this.All the books are mine.2)both,all 加否定是部分否定，如果要表示全部否定，分别用neither ,none.Both of us are not teachers. 并不是我俩都教书。（部分否定）Neither of us is a teacher. （全部否定）All of the books are not Chinese books. 这些书中有些不是汉语的。None of the books are Chinese books. 这些书中没有一本是汉语的。3)并列连词的使用(谓语动词采用就近原则）Either or Either you or I am right.neither nor Neither my sister nor I am right.both and Both he and I know this teacher.6、not 用在动词后，组成否定句no = not any ,not a 在句中只能用作定语，修饰可数及不可数名词。none是all 的反义词，可作主语和宾语，代替不可数名词时动词用单数，代替可数名词时动词用单数或复数均可。There is no water in the well.Jim has no brothers or sisters.He had no money for books.None have (has) arrived yet.None of the stories ia (are) interesting.Ive read none of the books.7、one 指代上文提到过的单数名词。ones指代上文提到过的复数名词This book is better than that one.He doesnt want the small apples,he wants the big ones.one 可用来泛指任何人，可作宾语、主语，并有所有格ones (作定语)和反身代词oneself(作主语、宾语)。One should do ones (his) duty.补充：如果前句中提到的单数名词是可数的，就多用one 来代替，如果该名词是不可数的，就多用that 来代替。The population of New York is larger than that of London.8、many与muchmuch 只修饰不可数名词，much watermany 只修饰可数名词， many books补充：a lot of 和lots of 可修饰接可数名词或不可数名词【2013陕西】 Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years, she lost of her enthusiasm for life. A. some B. neither C. none D. all【答案】C【解析】考查代词。根据句意：虽然Rosemary这些年患上了一种严重的疾病，但是她并没丧失对生活的一点热情，可知选否定词，排除AD；而neither指两者，应予以排除，故选C。【2013四川】The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than_ on the small ones.A. one B. this C. that D. it【答案】C【解析】考查代词用法。本题考查比较句型中比较对象的替代，通常可以用that替代不可数名词、those替代可数名词复数。比较对象the traffic为不可数名词，故使用that来替代，答案为C。【2013天津】 At our factory there are a few machines similar to described in this magazine.A. them B. these C. those D. ones【答案】C【解析】考查代词。本题考查用于比较对象替代的代词。比较对象的替代通常可以用that替代不可数名词，those替代可数名词复数，故此处用those替代比较对象machines。翻译为：在我们工厂有一些与这份杂志中描述相似的机器。9、 复合不定代词由some ,any , no, every加上-body ,-one,-thing构成。1).在句中作主、宾、表。复合不定代词一般用作单数。Nobody is absent.Do you need anything?Grammar is not everything.2)、复合不定代词被定语修饰时，定语须放在它们后面。There is nothing wrong with the radio.Is there anything important?Anything else？3）由some 组成的不定代词用于肯定句，由any 合成的不定代词用于否定句，疑问和条件句，但有些疑问句在表示请求、建议等且希望得到肯定回答而不被拒绝的时候，也可以用some 合成的不定代词。4).everyone 每一个人，人人， 大家，单独使用，不可接of 短语。every one 一个人或一个物，一般要接of 短语。5）由any 合成的不定代词，不能在否定句中作主语。不能说： Anybody doesnt go to see the film.而应改成： Nobody goes to see the film. 10、all与wholeall China = the whole of Chinaall the world =the whole worldall the time = the whole time all the class = the whole classall the way = the whole way补充：表示不定量的短语A以下短语替代或修饰复数名词，谓语动词用复数：few , a few quite a few , only a few , several, many, a large (great) number of (许多) a couple of 两三个 hundreds of 成百的B、以下短语谓语动词用单数many a +单数名词the number of + 复数名词C以下短语直接替代或修饰不可数名词，谓语动词用单数a little, little, a bit, less, least, much,not a little 许多 not a bit 一点也没有a bit 后一般带of + 名词 the amount of 后接物质、钱、数的总量知识点六：相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another两种形式。1）、作宾语： each other 两个人的关系one another 两个以上的人之间的相互关系在当代英语中，each other和one another在运用中没有什么区别。Did you know each other at that time?The students often help each other.We havent seen one another for a long time.2) 、作定语：作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。each othersone anothersWe often correct each others mistakes.They are interested in one anothers secret.知识点七：疑问代词一般都放在句首，用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词，在句子中作为某一句子成分,疑问代词有， 指人： who, whom, whose 指物： what 既可指人又可指物： whichWhich of those is yours? (作主语) Whose is the watch on the table? （作表语） Whose umbrella is this? （作定语） Whom are you waiting for? （作宾语）1、疑问代词构成特殊疑问句时，疑问代词一般都位于句首，并在句中担任某一成分。绝大部分都用疑问语序，但疑问词作主语或主语的定语时，要用陈述语序。My bike is lost. What shall I do?Which is the biggest animal on land?Which looks more beautiful,this shirt or that one?2、提问“哪个”“哪些”时，who 用于人，which 和 what 用于物，which 一般用于有一定选择范围的情况，what 用于无选择范围或究竟是什么还不清楚的情况。Which animal do you like best? Which do you prefer,rice or meat?Which girls do you like best? What girls do you like best? 3、Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, Who(m) are you waiting for? Who(m) did you meet on the street?With whom did you go to the park?=Who did you go to the park with? Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）To whom did you speak on the campus?（作介词宾语，不能用who取代。）说明：疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时，过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首，现代英语中，疑问代词在句首，介词在句未，例如：For what do most people live and work?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么？（旧文体）What are you looking for? 你在找什么？（现代英语）4、whose既有名词作用，可单独充当主语，宾语，表语，又有形容词作用，后可与名词连用（单、复均可）Whose is this shirt?=Whose shirt is this?Whose sweaters are these?=Whose are these sweaters?知识点八：关系代词和连接代词1、关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分，例如：The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。（该句中whom既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语。）关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。 指人 指物 主 格 who/that which/that 宾 格 whom which/that 属 格 whose of which/whose 例如：This is the pencil whose point is broken.这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。(whose 指物，在定语从句中作定语)He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他回来取他丢下的书。（which指物，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子，例如：He said he saw me there, which was a lie.他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。说明： 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略， 例如：Ive forgotten much of t