business学术词汇.doc

Organic adjectiveused to describe the situation when a company develops its existing business rather than growing by buying other companiesstrategic business unit=SBUa part of a business, for example a particular range of products or a division, that has its own customers and competitors and is allowed to operate more independently and develop business plans这个部门能够独立规划自己的经营战略、有独立的经营目标Buy-outs收购hands-on adjectivedealing with sth by becoming directly involved, rather than leaving other people to do it直接参与hands-off adjectivedealing with people or a situation by not becoming directly involved and by allowing people to do what they want不干涉collaborate or acquire （collaboration or acquir）合作 或者 收购collaborate：to work together with sb in order to produce or achieve sth Acquire：(about a company) to buy a company or part of a companys business; to buy shares in a companyAlliance or Joint Venture 联盟 或者 合资Alliance：an agreement between countries, companies, etc. to work together in order to achieve sth that they all wantJoint Venture：a new business that is started by two or more companies, often in the form of an independent company whose shares they own; the product or service that the business sells or provideszero-sum game 零和博弈a situation in which what is gained by one person or group is lost by another person or grouppositive-sum game 正和博弈=win wina situation in which both sides involved in a relationship or a piece of business gain an advantageboard of directors懂事局the group of people chosen by shareholders to control a company, decide its policies and appoint senior officersblack boxa complicated piece of equipment or process that you know produces particular results, but that you do not completely understandMechanism 机制 control-mechanismfeedback mechanisma method or system for achieving sthSubordinate 下属a person who has a position with less authority and power than sb else in an organizationIndividualism 个人主义Collectivism 集体主义Mechanism 结构Masculinity男性femininity女性R&D: research and developmentDynamic: dynamic marketalways changing; always adapting to new circumstances and making progressLateral: lateral reporting relations 横向having the same level of status or authority; involving people or jobs at the same levelVertical: a vertical flow of communication 纵向having a structure in which there are top, middle and bottom levelsMultinational 跨国公司Subsidiary 分公司performance appraisal=performance evaluationintegration 整合a process of combining two or more companies, organizations or systems so that they work together wellintegrated solutions 一体化解决方案Laggard 落后者coordination调和Decentralize 权力下放to give some of the power of a central organization to smaller organizations in different areas or countries; to divide the responsibilities of running an organization between many different people, departments, etcCommitment 承担的义务centrality 集中、中心Brokerage 期货经纪公司a company whose business is buying and selling things, for example, shares, bonds, etc., for other peopleBroke 经济人Allocation 分配foreign direct investment (FDI)Firm-specific advantage (FSA)Company advantage (CA)Sustainable competitive advantages (SCA) Target market 目标市场tacit knowledge=EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE, KNOW-HOW 隐性知识sb gains from working in an organization and becoming familiar with the equipment, procedures, customers, international business (IB)macro-level宏观层面industry practices 行业惯例“triad” markets of North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacificaggregation集成upstream上游的at or connected with an early stage in an industrial or commercial processDownstreamPenetration 渗透Penetration of foreign marketschannels for distribution分销渠道differentiated product 差异化产品a product that is similar to other products but is different in design, quality or the way it is presented or advertised, for example to attract a particular group of customerscapital intensive 资本支出庞大的monopoly status 垄断地位economies of scale 规模经济economies of scope 范围经济portfolio 投资组合a set of investments owned by a particular person or organizationcountry portfolio analysis (CPA) 国家投资组合分析proposition 方案a business idea or plan of action that is suggestedtrade-off 权衡the act of balancing two things that you need or want but which are opposed to each othervalue chain 价值链 the series of stages involved in the design, manufacture, marketing and support of a product, each of which adds value to itUpstream end 研发/downstream end 销售 pressure groupa group of people who try to influence the government, people with power in organizations, and the opinions of ordinary people in order to achieve the action they want, for example a change in a lawSupplier 供应商Distributor 分销商intangible assets 无形资产country portfolio analysis (CPA) 国际投资组合分析sunk cost 沉没成本an amount of money that a company has already spent and cannot now get backturnover rate 跳槽率financial performance 业绩Firm performance 公司业绩Revenues 收入Returns 回报Profits 利润Leverage 挖掘to get as much advantage or profit as possible from sth that you havelever（杠杆）手段an action or thing that is used to persuade sb to do sthCorporate Venture Capital(CVC) 企业风险资本Start-upa new companyInitiative 试点a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular purposeIPO (Initial Public Offering)首次公开上市, 公司的股票第一次在股市上出价pre-IPO 上市前post-IPO 上市后reactive waiting for things to happen before acting, rather than controlling a situation by planning or by making things happenprincipal and the agent委托人和代理人head-to-head 正面交锋的in which two people or groups face each other directly in order to decide the result of a dispute or competitionSIHRMStrategic International Human Resource Mana