第四章 数词,连词.doc

学大教育第四章 数词一、基数词与序数词高考试题传真It is not rare in _ that people _ fifties are going to university for further education. (1999,上海) A. 90s; the B. the 90s; / C. 90s; their D. the 90s; their_ cave that George has discovered in his life time is near the Alps. (1992，上海) A. The hundredth B. The hundred C. Hundredth D. A hundredthThe hero of the story is an artist in his _. (1991) A.thirtieth B.thirty C.thirtys D.thirtiesHe looked quite healthy though he was_.(1985,上海) A.in seventy B.in his seventies C.at seventies D.at the age of seventyKeys:D A D B数词是用来表示事物的数量和顺序的词，分为基数词和序数词两种。(一)基数词表示数量的词叫基数词。1-12的基数词是独立单词;13-19的基数词都是以-teen结尾的，要注意thirteen，fifteen，eighteen的拼法稍有不同;20一90的十位数，以后缀-ty结尾，要注意twenty，thirty，fifty，eighty的特殊点。教你巧学巧记:巧记100内的基数词基数词不难记，找清规律很容易，十二以内词各异；十三数到十九去，后加-teen莫忘记。二十、三十至九十，整十之后有-ty；要说“几十几”，中间“-”号别丢弃，hundred是“一百”，请你记住莫大意。1.基数词的读法1)三位数的读法:第一个数字+hundred+and+后面的一位或两位数字。如:107one hundred and seven;765seven hundred and sixty-five。2)1，000以上的数的读法:先从后向前数，每三位数加一个逗号，第一个逗号前的数字用thousand(千)，第二个逗号前的数字用million(百万)，用 几十thousand表示 几万，以 几百thousand表示 几十万，用 几十million表示 几千万，用几百million表示 几亿。如:13，789，653thirteen million seven hundred and eighty-nine thousand six hundred and fifty-three。教你巧学巧记:读数的诀窍有一首歌诀，可以帮助我们迅速地用英语读出长数字。从右向左三逗开， 一逗千，二逗百万，三逗就是十万万；左右三位分开读，保你又快又喜欢。“从右向左三逗开，”，指从右向左把长数字每三位用逗号分开。如：10,000;225,430;51,000,000,000“一逗千，二逗百万，三逗就是十万万；”指从右向左的第一个逗号表示“千”(thousand);第二个逗号表示“百万”(million);第三个逗号表示“十万万”(billion,即十亿)。 “左右三位分开读，保你又快又喜欢。”指读数时从左向右，每三位三位地按三位数的读法读，遇到有逗号时就分别加上该逗号所表示的那个英语单词。如：457four hundred and fifty-seven102one hundred and two800eight hundred3,024three thousand and twenty-four2,007,009two million seven thousand and nine51,000,000,000fifty-one billion400,001four hundred thousand and one2.数词的复数形式大家知道，基数词和序数词一般都以单数形式出现，但在下面几种情况下却要用复数。1)表示几十岁时。如“二十多岁”说twenties，表示的是20岁到29岁。依次类推，thirties表示“三十几岁”，forties表示“四十几岁”，但“十几岁”不可说tens，而要说teens，指13岁至19岁。如:He died in his thirties.She is in her teens.2)表示几十年代时，如：“二十世纪八十年代”写成1980s或1980s，均读作nineteen eighties，指的是1980至1989年这十年间，需注意的是，年代用文字表示时则不可用-s形式。如:.Great changes took place in the l970s.History has entered the eighties.3)表示不确定数目时，这时要在million，thousand，hundred等词后加上-s并与of连用，表示大约多至“数以计”，但millions of等前不能再加基数词，却可加some，several等表示不确定数目的修饰语。如:Millions of other stars are even bigger and brighter than the sun.Some hundreds of new buildings have been put up here this year.4)在分数中，当基数词(表示分子)大于one时，序数词(表示分母)要用复数，两者之间用不用连字符号均可。如:Two thirds of the teachers in our school are women.She has spent four-fifths of her money.5)当基数词用作可数名词或用于某些固定词组中时，也要用复数。如:How many sevens are there in forty-nine?They arrived by twos and threes.他们三三两两的来了。Wait a minute.Ill be finished in two twos.请等一下，我马上就来3数词和名词单数一起作定语，中间用连字符连接。a seven-year-old girl 一个七岁的女孩 a two-thousand-word article 一篇2千字的文章4当基数词和序数词同时修饰一个名词时，序数词一般放在基数词前；但如果序数词充当描绘性修饰时，则放在基数词后。He is one of the first five students. 他是前五名的学生之一。He won three first prizes. 他获得三次第一名。(二)序数词表示数目顺序的词叫序数词。1.序数词的构成规则1)基数词变为序数词一般是在基数词后加上“th”。例如:fourth，seventh，hundredth2)第一、第二和第三的序数词分别是first，second和third。3)从第四起均是在相应的基数词后加上“th”，但加“th”时还须注意以下四点：eight在变为eighth时少了一个字母t；nine在变为ninth时去掉了一个字母“e”。以“ve”结尾的基数词变序数词时，须将“ve”改为“f”，然后再加“th”。例如：fivefifth，twelvetwelfth十位整数(以-ty结尾)的序数词构成，是先将“y”改为“ie”，然后结尾再加上“th”。例如:twentytwentieth，thirtythirtieth从二十一起的“几十几”均只须变个位的基数词为序数词就行了。例如:twenty-twotwenty-secondforty-fourforty-fourthsixty-ninesixty-ninth教你巧学巧记:基数词变序数词歌诀基数词变为序数词绝大多数是直接加-th，但有少数变化是不规则的。虽然不规则的少，但同学们却最容易弄错。如把fifth写成fiveth，把ninth写成nineth。记住下面这首歌诀可以使你们克服诸如此类的错误。基变序，很容易，结尾加上“th”。一二三特殊记，结尾各是t、d、d。八减t，九去e，f来把ve替，y改为“ie”，结尾仍有“th”。若是遇到几十几，只变个位就可以。2.序数词前不用定冠词的情况1)表示顺序的语气很弱，具有“又一”、“再一”的意思时，其前要用不定冠词，不用定冠词。如:l.He cast the net a second time.2.A third bullet passed.2)序数词前己有指示代词、物主代词、名词所有格或every时，不用定冠词。如:l.He made his first set in an old box.2.Berlin in 1929 held a public celebration on Einsteins fiftieth birthday.3)在表示分数的序数词前不用定冠词。如:l.From then on Bashi toured three-fourths of Beijing.2.Two-thirds of the area is covered by trees.4)数词与名词构成复合名词时，不用定冠词。如:l.There is a first-class hotel over there.2.He went to a second-hand bookshop.5)序数词用作副词时，不用定冠词。如：l.Why did the captain first hesitate in letting the boy risk climbing the tree?2.First come，first served.6)在一些由序数词构成的固定词组里不用定冠词。如:1.at first 2.first of al1 3.from first to last二、数词用于编号表示编号，可以用基数词，也可以用序数词，即:事物名词(不加冠词)+基数词;the+序数词十事物名词。如:Lesson Twelve=the Twelfth Lesson 第十二课Part Onethe First Part第一部分World War I=the First World War第一次世界大战如英语编号中数字较长，一般用基数词表示。如:Room 506 第五0六号房间 page 265 第二百六十五页Telephone NO.8297976 电话号码8297976三、小数、分数和百分数的表达方式高考试题传真China is _ larger than the United States. (1990，上海)A. one six B. one sixth C. one sixes D. one sixths_of the land in that district_covered with trees and grass.(2000,上海) A.two fifth;is B.two fifth;are C.two fifths;is D.two fifths;areKeys:B C1.小数点读作point,零读zero或nought。小数点后的数字按个位基数词依次读出。如：3.4three point four,0.2zero(nought)point two,0.03zero point zero three,3.458three point four five eight2.百分数由基数词后直接加percent(percent)构成。如:20%2Opercent(perdent) 3.分数由基数词 (分子)和序数词 (分母)合成。分子大于l时，表分母的序数词要用复数形式。如: 1/3one/a third 2/3two thirds但1/2一般用a/one half;1/4用a/one quarter或one fourth。教你巧学巧记:巧记分数表达法分子基数词，分母序数词，分子大于“1”，分母加“-s”。带分数莫着急，前加整数就可以。分母若是“2”和“4”，half、quarter可代替。3.表示几分之几 (或百分之几)的人或物时，须在分数 (或百分数)和人或物间加of。若充当主语，谓语动词的数须与of后的名词的数保持一致。如:One third of the students are girls.1/3的学生是女生。Sixty percent of her income wos spent on clothes.她收入的60%花在了服装上。但当表示人口的几分之几 (或百分之几)作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如:The population in China is very large, and eighty percent of it are farmers.中国的人口众多，其中80%是农民。四、加减乘除的表示法1.加法的表达法如表达“几加几是多少”，可用“What/How much is+基数词and/plus+基数词？”；如表达“几加几等于几”，可用“基数词and+基数词is基数词”。如：What/How much is seven and eight?7加8是多少？Seven and eight is fifiteen. 7加8等于15。2减法的表达法如表达“几减几是多少”，可用“What/How much is+基数词minus+基数词？”；如表达“几减几等于几”，可用“基数词minus+基数词is基数词”。3.乘法的表达法如表达“几乘几是多少”，可用“What/How much is+基数词times+基数词？”；如表达“几乘几等于几”，可用“基数词times+基数词is基数词”。4.除法的表达法如表达“几除以几是多少”，可用“What/How much is+基数词divided by+基数词？”；如表达“几除以几等于几”，可用“基数词divided by+基数词is基数词”。五、数量名词的单复数形式高考试题传真Two_died of cold last winter. (1988) A. hundreds old people B. hundred old peopleC. hundreds old peoples D. hundred old peoplesShortly after the accident, two _ police were sent to the post to keep order. (1992) A. dozen of B. dozens C. dozen D. dozens ofMr. Smith _ me to buy several _ eggs for the dinner party. (1992, 上海) A. asked; dozen B. suggested; dozens of C. had; dozen D. persuaded; dozensKeys:B C A (一)hundred，thousand，million的用法1.当前面有数词以及many，several等词修饰时，这三个词用单数形式，后面直接跟复数名词。如:two hundred students 200名学生several thousand enemies 几千敌人2.当这几个词前面没有数词而后面有of时，则一定要用复数形式，表示数百、 数千等笼统的数目概念。如:hundreds of dollars 数百美元millions of ants 数百万蚂蚁教你巧学巧记:巧用hundred等数词hundred，thousand，million等数词当表示具体数字时后无s和of，应说five hundred，three thousand，或six million等，而表示不明确数字时则说:hundreds of 数百个，thousands of数千个，成千上万，millions of 数百万。但同学们在使用时常会出错，如:two hundreds，five thousands of等，为了避免误用，可记住下面口决:hundred，thousand和million，有时含糊有时清。清时无s和of，糊时s和of跟。(二)score(二十)，dozen (打; 十二个)的用法dozen1)当dozen与基数词或many,several等连用时，不加“-s”，所修饰的名词前常省去of。 two dozen books 两打书two (many,several)dozen pencils 两打（几打）铅笔但是，在a dozen of these people,two dozen of them等短语中应加of。这是因为习惯上在these,those,us等词前该用dozen of的缘故。2）some dozen people是“若干打的人（几十个人，许多人）”。scorescore意为“二十”。two score of people中应加of，但three score and ten people，“70人”中不加of。scores of people意为“许多人”。上述这两个词的复数形式与of连用时，表示不确切的数量，意为许多，大量的。如:for dozens of years 好几十年以来scores of years ago 许多年前scores of times 许多次六、时间的表达法1.用数字表达法来表示几点几分时，分钟数在后，并且不可使用quarter,half。如：8:15 eight fifteen(不能说：eight a quarter)10:30 ten thirty(不能说：ten half)2.使用介词past表示“几点过几分”，用to表示“几点差几分”时，分钟数放在介词前。如：11:25 twenty-five past eleven(=eleven twenty-five)6:40 twenty to seven(=six forty)3.past,to前的分钟应小于三十分钟（如果正好是三十分，应用half）。如：5:55 five to six=five fifty-five(不能说：fifty-five past five)5:30 half past five=five thirty(不能说：thirty past five或five half)教你巧学巧记:巧说“时间”同学们可以利用下列口诀来巧记妙学英语中的时间表达法。数字说法时后分，quarter,half不可用。如果出现past,to，分钟在前记心中。past过，差几分to，分钟小于三十分。 说明：解释见上述相应的序号。巩固性练习：1.-Have you seen_workers pass by? -Yes，Ive seen_them.A. woman;hundreds of B. women;hundreds ofC. woman;two hundred of D. women;hundreds2.Having done three experiments without rest，they were_out to go on with_one.A. so tired;a fourth B. so tiring ;the fourthC. too given;the fourth D. too worn;a fourth3.-Whats the date today?-Its _.A. Sunday B. August the ninthC. the first of May D. October fifth4.Hainan is _ island.A. Chinas second largest B. the Chinas second largestC. the second Chinas largest D. Chinas the second largest5.In her _she began to take up writing.A. forties B. fourties C. fortieth D fourtieth6._summer olympics was held in Barcelona in SpainA. The Twenty-four B. Twenty-fourC. The Twenty-forth D. Twenty-fourth7.The Sao Paulo fire broke out _February 4th，1974.A. in B. on C. at D. for8.-How many new jobs can you give to the people here?-Three _ and _.A. hundred; eighty-six B. hundreds; eighty-sixC. hundred; eighty-sixth D. hundreds; eighty-sixth9.-What time did finish your homework yesterday?-_seven oclock _ the afternoon.A. On；in B. At；on C. At；in C. On；at10.“Please turn to _ and look at the text.”A. Page 29 B. the page 29 C. a page 29 D. 29 page11.He lives in _. A. Room 512 B.512 Room C. the 512 Room D. the Room 51212.-How long is the bridge? -700_. A. meter long B. meters long C. meter longer D.meters longer13.After a long walk we had _ rest.A. a few minutes B. a few minutesC. few minutes D. few minutes14.The meeting has finally begun after _.A. two hours later B. two hours of absenceC. two hours delay D. a delay of two hours15._of the rivers here have been polluted.A. Two-third B. Two-thirds C. Two-three D. Second-third16.The Second World War broke out in _.A. 1930s B. the 1930es C. The 1930s D.1930s17.There are _ of visitors in the exhibition every week.A. tens of thousands B. about ten of thousandsC. about three thousands D. about three thousand18.-What time is it now? -Its _.A. a quarter past half B. four eighteenC. five past forty-two D. forty-two to five19.I got to the station _ than John. A. five minutes later B. five minutes late C. later five minutes D. late five minutes20.Two _ years ago he lived in the United Stares. A. dozen B. dozens C. dozen of D. dozens of答案：1. B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.A 11.A 12.B 13.B 14.D 15.B 16.C 17.A 18.B 19.A 20.A第八章 连词一、并列连词的用法并列连词用来连接属于同一层次并具有同等句法功能的词、短语或分句。根据词汇意义，并列连词又可分为4类。（一）and型表示添加意义的连词高考试题传真1.She set out soon after dark_home an hour later.(1994) A.arriving B.to arrive C.having arrived D.and arrived2.One more week_well accomplish the task.(1999,上海) A.so B.so that C.and D.if这类连词连接两个并列或对称关系的词、短语或分句。常见的还有bothand(既又),not onlybut also(不仅而且),as well as(也，和)等。如：He can both sing and dance.他能唱会跳。I like English and history very much.我十分喜欢英语和历史。He not only had seen the film but also remembered what he had seen.他不仅看过那部影片，而且记得影片的内容。I have read his novels as well as his plays.我读过他的小说和剧本。He went upstairs and knocked at the door. 他上楼敲门。and有时还可以表示结果，意为“那么；则”，如例2。再如：Come early and you will see him. 早些来，那么你就会见到他。教你巧学巧记:从(N)MET谈and对选项的暗示作用大家知道，and作为并列连词，用来连接两个或两个以上的词、短语或句子，表示并列或对称关系。有些同学很容易忽略它在句中的作用，因而答错题。现结合高考题简单介绍and对选项暗示作用的几种情况。 1、对谓语动词和非谓语动词选择项的暗示作用。 On Saturday afternoon，Mr Green went to the markets，_ some bananas and visited his cousin Abought Bbuying Cto buy Dbuy She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later Aarriving Bto arrive Chaving arrived Dand arrived The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks，_that he had enjoyed his stay here Ahaving added Bto add Cadding Dadded 【简析】第题选A是因为and在题干中连接三个并列谓语。第题选D。有的同学选A是因为不明白分词的一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生或紧接着发生这一概念。根据题干语境，“出发”与“回家”不是同时或紧接着发生的两个动作，而是一先一后的两个动作，故只有用and连接的并列谓语才能表达先后发生的两个或两个以上的一连串动作。第题应选C，在句中作状语。如选D则要将题干中的逗号改为and。 2、在定语从句中对关联词选择的暗示作用。 He paid the boy ten dollars for washing ten windows，most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year Ait Bthem Cthat Dwhich The lady has three daughters and _ are at school Atwo of them Btwo of whom Cthe two of them Dthe two of whom 【简析】根据语义和句子结构，第题应选D，构成非限制性定语从句。如选B，则要将题干中的逗号改成and，连接两个并列句。第题应选A。因题干中有and的暗示。 3、在独立主格结构中的暗示作用。 There _ no rain now， lets start out Abeing Bis Cwill be Dwas The man stood there，his sharp eyes _ on my face Afix Bfixed Cwere fixed Dfixing 【简析】独立主格结构与它所依赖的句子之间没有任何连接词and， so，though等，中间只有逗号。如果有连词，则独立主格结构就要变成一个完整的句子。很容易看出第题和第题分别选A、B，是独立主格结构。（二）or型表示选择意义的连词高考试题传真1.-I dont like chicken_fish. -I dont like chicken,_I like fish very much.(1993) A.and;and B.and;but C.or;and D.or;but2.Would you like a cup of coffee_shall we get down to business right away?(1995) A.and B.then C.or D.otherwise这类连词表示两者选其一。常见的还有eitheror(或者或者),neithernor(既不也不),whetheror(是还是)。如：Do you go to school on foot or by bike?你是步行还是骑自行车上学？I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry.我真是哭笑不得。Many of the country people could neither read nor write.农村有许多人不识字也不会写字。Men do not kiss each other either China or English-speaking countries.在中国或在讲英语的国家里，男人们见面时彼此不亲吻。I would like you to change this blouse, or else give me my money back.我想要你换掉这件衬衣，要不把钱退给我。教你巧学巧记:or和and与否定词连用之谜先做下面三道题:用or或and填空，要求构成完全否定。l.Tom_Mary cannot speak Chinese.They did not speak Japanese clearly_correctly,either.汤姆和玛丽不会讲汉语，日语也讲得不清楚，不正确。2.The clock has no eyes_ears.And it has no mouth_ no legs,either. 时钟没有眼晴和耳朵，也没有嘴和腿。3.Man cant live without air_water.Thats to say,man will die without air_water. 没有空气和水，人就不生活，也就是说，没有空气和水，人就会死。说明:在否定句中，并列成分的列举通常用or连接构成完全否定，用and连接构成部分否定。但在中学英语课本中，否定词与and连用，有以下几种情况，仍构成完全否定:1.列举成分是主语，又在否定词之前，用and连接，而在否定词之后的列举成分用or构成完全否定，所以句1的答案是and，or。2.列举成分之前都有否定词时，用and连接，否则用or连接，也都构成完全否定，所以句2的答案是or，and。3.在否定句中，without之后若有列举成分用and连接，构成完全否定；而在肯定句中，without之后的列举成分要用or连接才能构成完全否定，故句3的答案应是and，or。再做如下练习，你心中之谜就可以迎刃而解了。（三）or型表示转折意义的连词高考试题传真1.-Would you like to come to dinner tonight? -Id like to, _I am too busy. (1994) A. and B. so C. as D. but2.She thought I was talking about her daughter, _ in fact I was talking about my daughter. (1995) A. when B. where C. which D. while3.The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, _ they will save us money in the long run. (2000,春季) A. or B. since C. for D. but4.They were surprised that a child should work out the problem,_they themselves couldnt. (1998,上海) A. once B. then C. while D. if5. The changes in the city will cost quite a lot，_ they will save us money in the long run（NMET 2000春） Aor Bsince Cfor Dbut6.Excuse me for breaking in,_I have some news for you. (2002) A.so B.and C.but D.yet这类连词连接两个含义不同的甚至是反义的词、短语或分句。常见的还有yet(然而)，while(而)，however(可是)等。其中while与but的区别在于:while表示对比，而but表示意义正好相反。如: She has sold her house, yet she cant help regretting.她把房子卖了，然而她却禁不住后悔不已。I see your point of view, still, I dont agree with you.我明白你的观点，然而对此不敢苟同。I like light green, but Lily prefers dark blue.我喜欢淡绿色，而莉莉却更爱深蓝色。He went out, while I stayed at home. 他出去了，而我留在家中。教你巧学巧记:从(N)MET谈but在解题时的暗示作用英语往往能通过语句衔接对语义做出正确理解。英语中有许多这样的语句衔接词，它们提示我们在做题和阅读时注意上下文的语义关系，来龙去脉。but就属于这类衔接词。请看下面的例子：Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _didnt help.(MET1993)A.he B.which C.she D.itI asked him for some oil, but he hadnt_.(MET1986)A.any B.some C.oil D.oneThey were all very tired, but_of them would stop to take a rest.(NMET1995)but在以上三句中表示前后后相反的语义关系，表示否定的概念，因此很容易找出各个题的答案（D;A;C）。-If you dont like the red coat, take the blue one.OK, but do you have_size in blue? This ones a bit tight for me.(NMET1995)A.a big B.a bigger C.the big D.the bigger (答案：B)Excuse me,is this Mr Browns office?Im sorry, but Mr Brown_works here.(MET1990)A.not now B.no more C.not still D.no longer (答案：D)从以上两题中可以看出，除了提醒我们逆向思维外，but还在有语义的基础上进行递进或对原有前提做补充。在虚拟语气中，but的暗示作用更明显，but之后是一种客观实际的描述，动词需用相应的时态。如：Would you have told him the answer had it been possible?I would, but I_so busy then.A.had been B.were C.was D.would be (答案：C)He would gain weight but he _much. A.wouldnt eat B.doesnt eat C.didnt eat D.hadnt eaten (答案：B)but的这种暗示作用不仅有助于做语法题，在做完形填空及阅读理解时，也有极大的帮助。通过but产生的逆向思维和特殊的语言逻辑，能够正确地捕捉信息，把握文章主旨。(四)so型表示原因和结果的连词高考试题传真Good technique in medicine means less pain and fewer deaths,_ it is our duty to master it. (1992,上海) A. although B. therefore C. otherwise D. however这类连词常见的有so(因此)，for(因为)，therefore(因此)等。并列连词for表示原因，用以附加说明。这个词引导的分句必须放在第