很多地方是我们人类没法进去的，因为其中的一些东西已经对我们造成了生命的威胁，但我们又有必须进去的理由。在这种场合下，机械就能为我们解决这些问题，因为它可以代替我们进行一些危险操作，用来取代人力来工作。我们设计的抓物机器车是在机械化，自动化生产过程中发展起来的一种将机械手和搬运车联系为一体的产品。使其能抓物运动，可以在地形复杂或恶劣、危险的环境里替人完成物体的搬运或者障碍的清除等工作。
抓物机器车的设计主要是通过无线通信来控制小车的前进、后退或者转弯，并由螺杆转动，带动螺杆上的螺母上下移动，再通过连杆结构实现抓爪的闭合，从而实现抓物动作。丝杆竖直放置，转臂固定在丝杆螺母上，步进电机带动丝杆旋转，螺母会上下移动，转臂也会上下移动，也就是机械手上下移动，满足了机械手降下抓物，升高移动物体的情况。机械手的转动，在由齿轮带动固定丝杆的中间件转动而实现的。
关键词：机器车；抓物；丝杆

Abstract

Many things that we humans can not go , because some of these things have been a threat to our life , but the reason we have to go in there . In this case , our machinery will be able to solve these problems. Because it can replace us doing some dangerous operation , to replace manpower to work. Because it can replace us some dangerous operation, to replace manpower to work. We have designed the Grasping machine car that developed in the mechanization and automation of the production process and the robot van combined into one product. So that it can catch things exercise can help people complete the removal of an object or obstacle clearance work in complex terrain or harsh, dangerous environment.
Grasping machine car designed primarily controlled by a wireless communication car forward, backward, or turn. by the screw rotates, driven to move up and down the screw on the nut, and then realize gripper closure through the link structure to realize grasping objects actions . Screw placed vertically, and the arm is fixed on screw nut, stepper motor driven rotary screw, nut meeting next move, the arm will move up and down, which is under the robot moves down to meet the robot grasping objects, elevated movement of the object. Turn the robot, driven by fixed-gear screw rotation middleware
implementation.
Key words: machine car; grasping objects; screw

目录
引言 1
1 设计方案 2
1.1 设计内容 2
1.2 设计目的 2
1.3 方案的选择 2
2 机械手的设计 3
2.1 抓手结构的设计 3
2.2 爪片的设计 5
2.3 螺杆的设计 7
2.3.1确定螺纹中径 8
2.3.2螺杆的强度计算 9
2.3.3螺母螺纹牙的强度计算 9
2.4 连杆盘的设计 10
2.5 套筒的设计 11
2.5.1套筒的尺寸 11
2.5.2螺栓的选择 11
2.5.3螺纹连接的防松 13
3 转臂的设计 13
3.1 受力分析 13
3.2 转臂的尺寸计算 14
3.3 螺栓的设计 15
3.3.1螺栓组结构设计 15
3.3.2螺栓受力分析 15
4 滑动丝杆的设计 16
4.1 螺纹牙型的选择 16
4.2 螺距选择 16
4.3 丝杆直径的确定 16
4.4 螺杆的强度计算 17
4.5 螺母螺纹牙的强度计算 17
4.6 丝杆的长度 18
4.7 丝杆螺母的传动形式 18
4.8 丝杆的固定 19
4.9 轴承的选择 19
4.10 固定板的设计 21
4.10.1固定板的结构 22
4.10.2固定架的固定 22
5 转盘的设计 23
5.1 中间板的设计 23
5.2 键的选择 25
5.3 齿轮的设计 25
5.3.1选定齿轮类型，精度等级，材料及模数 25
5.3.2按齿面接触疲劳强度设计 26
5.3.3按齿根弯曲疲劳强度设计 27
5.3.4几何尺寸计算 27
5.4 轴的设计 28
6 车身的设计 30
6.1 上车身的设计 30
6.2 下车身的设计 31
6.3 支板的设计 35
6.3.1支板的结构 35
6.3.2尺寸计算 35
6.3.3支板的连接 36
6.3.4轮子孔的设计 36
7 solidworks的建模和仿真 37
8 总结 38
谢辞 39
参考文献 40

引言
随着社会的进步，社会的分工也越来越细，特别是在现代化的生产中，有的人每天就只能做着同一件事，或者是拧同个部位的某个螺母，或者是接着同一个地方的线头，就像电影《摩登时代》中所演的，由于老是做同一个动作，身体相同的部位得不到休息，于是开始产生了各种职业病。于是人们强烈的希望能有什么东西能代替自己工作而自己不用那么的难受。于是机器人就被发明了出来，并替人完成那些很枯燥、单调、危险的工作。而且，机器人的发明大大的提高了工作效率，提高了工业的发展，为更多的人提供了机会。
机器人的出现，使人们摆脱了那些繁琐、危险的工作。一般的，在有危险，对人体有害的场合，你总能看到他们的身影。如喷漆行业，油漆发出的气味很难闻，那是有毒气体，闻多了会对人体造成难以想象的伤害；还有电焊的场合也是对人眼睛的伤害也很大，也是有了专门用来焊接的机器人。这样的地方很多，在工业里已经屡见不鲜了。特别是在汽车和工程机械行业里，喷漆和焊接那是必不可少的。也正是这些工作对汽车行业的不可或缺，近几年来，国内生产的工业机器人大多是用于服务汽车行业的，也正因为这样，汽车工业的发展也推动了机器人的增长。
在一些对灰尘要求很严的重要场合或者实验室中，一旦灰尘的量超过了标准，就会有废品的出现。例如要在 10级洁净室中制造的电脑重要器件。按国际标准，10级洁净室就是要在一立方英尺内不得出现超过10个以上的直径大于0.5微米的尘埃。100级洁净室就是在一立方英尺内不得出现100个同样大小的尘埃。可就是想进入100级洁净室，工作人员也要换上特制的装备才可以进去，而且，在进去之前的5个小时都不可以使用化妆品或者吸烟等，这条件可见很难做到了。所以10级洁净室也只能由机器来完成了，想进去，条件太苛刻了。
而有些场合，由于被环境的限制，如有放射性物质，被有害气体包围等，我们很难进去，也没法找里面的东西出来研究。于是特制的抓物机器车就很有必要设计出来。
这次设计是基于三维软件Solidworks设计的。该软件的功能很强大，组件也很多。 Solidworks是现在最主流的三维CAD解决方案，因为他具有了功能强大、易学易用、技术创新等特点。而且SolidWorks可以提供不同的设计方案、减少了设计过程中的错误以便提高产品质量。对工程师和设计者来说，SolidWorks 不仅提供如此强大的功能，操作更是简单方便、易学易用。

1 设计方案
1.1 设计内容
因为是要进行比较精密的抓取物体，所以采用无线通信技术实现对机器车的控制。通过无线接通电机，电机驱动轮子来实现小车的前进、后退与转向。而在小车的上面则是抓物机械手的部件。要实现机械手的上下移动还有一定范围的转动，还有爪片的自由张合。
1.2 设计目的
（1）可以在危险的，无人可进入的地方抓住物体并且移动物体，便于实验和研究。
（2）由于抓物机器车使用无线通信技术控制，其动作准确，操作简单，因此可以提高稳定性能。
1.3 方案的选择
由于小车的移动都要很精确，所以只考虑了步进电机和伺服电机。步进电机的速率是由驱动器信号输入的脉冲数量和频率来控制的。但不适合在长时间和同方向的场合使用，这样容易烧坏电机。而伺服电机与步进电机相比，在控制方式上很相似都是用脉冲串和方向信号，但价格相对来说较高。在性能满足的情况下，考虑经济方面，我们采用了步进电机。
对于机械手的上下移动，可以想到的有液压、气动还有丝杆。考虑液压和气动都比较的便宜，但考虑到精确度，能采用的也只有丝杆了。对于爪片的自由张合，气动便宜实用，但由于在前面都没用到，在这里用的话还得设计气动装置，麻烦而且也不太实际，因此我们采用了步进电机。

2 机械手的设计
由于设计的抓物车一般是在危险的地方工作，那地方可能是一些夹缝什么的，因此我们设计的小车都比较的小。设小车的尺寸为400*200*100mm，而抓取的物体最重为6KG。
2.1 抓手结构的设计
设抓盘的直径为50mm，爪子的开口角度为120度，抓爪可转动30度。采用的是四杆机构来实现爪子的自由张合。结构如图所示：

图2-1 四杆结构简图
其中L1是连杆盘与抓盘的距离，L2是爪子上两个圆柱销之间的距离，L3是连杆与爪子的距离，L4是连杆。
如图，L2、L3、L4为定长，而L1随着连杆盘的移动而改变，当连杆盘向上移动时，L1会变大，那时，连杆L4通过L3拉着L2向上转动，那时爪子张开：相反，当连杆盘向下移动时，连杆会压爪子向下转动，即爪子会抓紧物体。
受力分析：

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内容简介：: 编号：毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（原文）院（系）：机电工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名：韦子亮学号： 1000110130 指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学姓名：彭晓楠职称：副教授 2014年 5 月 23 日Design of machine elements The principles of design are, of course, universal. The same theory or equations may be applied to a very small part, as in an instrument, or, to a larger but similar part used in a piece of heavy equipment. In no ease, however, should mathematical calculations be looked upon as absolute and final. They are all subject to the accuracy of the various assumptions, which must necessarily be made in engineering work. Sometimes only a portion of the total number of parts in a machine are designed on the basis of analytic calculations. The form and size of the remaining parts are designed on the basis of analytic calculations. On the other hand, if the machine is very expensive, or if weight is a factor, as in airplanes, design computations may then be made for almost all the parts. The purpose of the design calculations is, of course, to attempt to predict the stress or deformation in the part in order that it may sagely carry the loads, which will be imposed on it, and that it may last for the expected life of the machine. All calculations are, of course, dependent on the physical properties of the construction materials as determined by laboratory tests. A rational method of design attempts to take the results of relatively simple and fundamental tests such as tension, compression, torsion, and fatigue and apply them to all the complicated and involved situations encountered in present-day machinery. In addition, it has been amply proved that such details as surface condition, fillets, notches, manufacturing tolerances, and heat treatment have a market effect on the strength and useful life of a machine part. The design and drafting departments must specify completely all such particulars, must specify completely all such particulars, and thus exercise the necessary close control over the finished product. As mentioned above, machine design is a vast field of engineering technology. As such, it begins with the conception of an idea and follows through the various phases of design analysis, manufacturing, marketing and consumerism. The following is a list of the major areas of consideration in the general field of machine design: Initial design conception; Strength analysis; Materials selection; Appearance; Manufacturing; Safety; Environment effects; Reliability and life; Strength is a measure of the ability to resist, without fails, forces which cause stresses and strains. The forces may be; Gradually applied; Suddenly applied; Applied under impact; Applied with continuous direction reversals; Applied at low or elevated temperatures. If a critical part of a machine fails, the whole machine must be shut down until a repair is made. Thus, when designing a new machine, it is extremely important that critical parts be made strong enough to prevent failure. The designer should determine as precisely as possible the nature, magnitude, direction and point of application of all forces. Machine design is mot, however, an exact science and it is, therefore, rarely possible to determine exactly all the applied forces. In addition, different samples of a specified material will exhibit somewhat different abilities to resist loads, temperatures and other environment conditions. In spite of this, design calculations based on appropriate assumptions are invaluable in the proper design of machine. Moreover, it is absolutely essential that a design engineer knows how and why parts fail so that reliable machines which require minimum maintenance can be designed. Sometimes, a failure can be serious, such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speeds. On the other hand, a failure may be no more than a nuisance. An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in the automobile cooling system. The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant, a condition which is readily detected and corrected. The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude. Generally speaking, dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulties than static loads and, therefore, fatigue strength must be considered. Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle. For example, brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved. In general, the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure, which include the following: Stress; Deformation; Wear; Corrosion; Vibration; Environmental damage; Loosening of fastening devices. The part sizes and shapes selected must also take into account many dimensional factors which produce external load effects such as geometric discontinuities, residual stresses due to forming of desired contours, and the application of interference fit joint.Mechanical properties of materials The material properties can be classified into three major headings: (1) physical, (2) chemical, (3) mechanicalPhysical properties Density or specific gravity, moisture content, etc., can be classified under this category. Chemical propertiesMany chemical properties come under this category. These include acidity or alkalinity, react6ivity and corrosion. The most important of these is corrosion which can be explained in laymans terms as the resistance of the material to decay while in continuous use in a particular atmosphere. Mechanical properties Mechanical properties include in the strength properties like tensile, compression, shear, torsion, impact, fatigue and creep. The tensile strength of a material is obtained by dividing the maximum load, which the specimen bears by the area of cross-section of the specimen. This is a curve plotted between the stress along the This is a curve plotted between the stress along the Y-axis(ordinate) and the strain along the X-axis (abscissa) in a tensile test. A material tends to change or changes its dimensions when it is loaded, depending upon the magnitude of the load. When the load is removed it can be seen that the deformation disappears. For many materials this occurs op to a certain value of the stress called the elastic limit Ap. This is depicted by the straight line relationship and a small deviation thereafter, in the stress-strain curve (fig.3.1). Within the elastic range, the limiting value of the stress up to which the stress and strain are proportional, is called the limit of proportionality Ap. In this region, the metal obeys hookess law, which states that the stress is proportional to strain in the elastic range of loading, (the material completely regains its original dimensions after the load is removed). In the actual plotting of the curve, the proportionality limit is obtained at a slightly lower value of the load than the elastic limit. This may be attributed to the time-lagin the regaining of the original dimensions of the material. This effect is very frequently noticed in some non-ferrous metals. Which iron and nickel exhibit clear ranges of elasticity, copper, zinc, tin, are found to be imperfectly elastic even at relatively low values low values of stresses. Actually the elastic limit is distinguishable from the proportionality limit more clearly depending upon the sensitivity of the measuring instrument. When the load is increased beyond the elastic limit, plastic deformation starts. Simultaneously the specimen gets work-hardened. A point is reached when the deformation starts to occur more rapidly than the increasing load. This point is called they yield point Q. the metal which was resisting the load till then, starts to deform somewhat rapidly, i. e., yield. The yield stress is called yield limit Ay. The elongation of the specimen continues from Q to S and then to T. The stress-strain relation in this plastic flow period is indicated by the portion QRST of the curve. At the specimen breaks, and this load is called the breaking load. The value of the maximum load S divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen is referred to as the ultimate tensile strength of the metal or simply the tensile strength Au. Logically speaking, once the elastic limit is exceeded, the metal should start to yield, and finally break, without any increase in the value of stress. But the curve records an increased stress even after the elastic limit is exceeded. Two reasons can be given for this behavior: The strain hardening of the material; The diminishing cross-sectional area of the specimen, suffered on account of the plastic deformation. The more plastic deformation the metal undergoes, the harder it becomes, due to work-hardening. The more the metal gets elongated the more its diameter (and hence, cross-sectional area) is decreased. This continues until the point S is reached. After S, the rate at which the reduction in area takes place, exceeds the rate at which the stress increases. Strain becomes so high that the reduction in area begins to produce a localized effect at some point. This is called necking. Reduction in cross-sectional area takes place very rapidly; so rapidly that the load value actually drops. This is indicated by ST. failure occurs at this point T. Then percentage elongation A and reduction in reduction in area W indicate the ductility or plasticity of the material: A=(L-L0)/L0*100% W=(A0-A)/A0*100% Where L0 and L are the original and the final length of the specimen; A0 and A are the original and the final cross-section area.Quality assurance and control Product quality is of paramount importance in manufacturing. If quality is allowed deteriorate, then a manufacturer will soon find sales dropping off followed by a possible business failure. Customers expect quality in the products they buy, and if a manufacturer expects to establish and maintain a name in the business, quality control and assurance functions must be established and maintained before, throughout, and after the production process. Generally speaking, quality assurance encompasses all activities aimed at maintaining quality, including quality control. Quality assurance can be divided into three major areas. These include the following:Source and receiving inspection before manufacturing;In-process quality control during manufacturing;Quality assurance after manufacturing. Quality control after manufacture includes warranties and product service extended to the users of the product. Source and receiving inspection before manufacturing Quality assurance often begins ling before any actual manufacturing takes place. This may be done through source inspections conducted at the plants that supply materials, discrete parts, or subassemblies to manufacturer. The manufacturers source inspector travels to the supplier factory and inspects raw material or premanufactured parts and assemblies. Source inspections present an opportunity for the manufacturer to sort out and reject raw materials or parts before they are shipped to the manufacturers production facility. The responsibility of the source inspector is to check materials and parts against design specifications and to reject the item if specifications are not met. Source inspections may include many of the same inspections that will be used during production. Included in these are:Visual inspection;Metallurgical testing;Dimensional inspection;Destructive and nondestructive inspection;Performance inspection.Visual inspections Visual inspections examine a product or material for such specifications as color, texture, surface finish, or overall appearance of an assembly to determine if there are any obvious deletions of major parts or hardware. Metallurgical testing Metallurgical testing is often an important part of source inspection, especially if the primary raw material for manufacturing is stock metal such as bar stock or structural materials. Metals testing can involve all the major types of inspections including visual, chemical, spectrographic, and mechanical, which include hardness, tensile, shear, compression, and spectr5ographic analysis for alloy content. Metallurgical testing can be either destructive or nondestructive. Dimensional inspection Few areas of quality control are as important in manufactured products as dimensional requirements. Dimensions are as important in source inspection as they are in the manufacturing process. This is especially critical if the source supplies parts for an assembly. Dimensions are inspected at the source factory using standard measuring tools plus special fit, form, and function gages that may required. Meeting dimensional specifications is critical to interchangeability of manufactured parts and to the successful assembly of many parts into complex assemblies such as autos, ships, aircraft, and other multipart products. Destructive and nondestructive inspection In some cases it may be necessary for the source inspections to call for destructive or nondestructive tests on raw materials or p0arts and assemblies. This is particularly true when large amounts of stock raw materials are involved. For example it may be necessary to inspect castings for flaws by radiographic, magnetic particle, or dye penetrant techniques before they are shipped to the manufacturer for final machining. Specifications calling for burn-in time for electronics or endurance run tests for mechanical components are further examples of nondestructive tests. It is sometimes necessary to test material and parts to destruction, but because of the costs and time involved destructive testing is avoided whenever possible. Examples include pressure tests to determine if safety factors are adequate in the design. Destructive tests are probably more frequent in the testing of prototype designs than in routine inspection of raw material or parts. Once design specifications are known to be met in regard to the strength of materials, it is often not necessary to test further parts to destruction unless they are genuinely suspect. Performance inspection Performance inspections involve checking the function of assemblies, especially those of complex mechanical systems, prior to installation in other products. Examples include electronic equipment subcomponents, aircraft and auto engines, pumps, valves, and other mechanical systems requiring performance evaluation prior to their shipment and final installation.编号：毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（译文）院（系）：机电工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名：韦子亮学号： 1000110130 指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学姓名：彭晓楠职称：副教授 2014年 5 月 23 日机器零件的设计相同的理论或方程可应用在一个一起的非常小的零件上，也可用在一个复杂的设备的大型相似件上，既然如此，毫无疑问，数学计算是绝对的和最终的。他们都符合不同的设想，这必须由工程量决定。有时，一台机器的零件全部计算仅仅是设计的一部分。零件的结构和尺寸通常根据实际考虑。另一方面，如果机器和昂贵，或者质量很重要，例如飞机，那么每一个零件都要设计计算。当然，设计计算的目的是试图预测零件的应力和变形，以保证其安全的带动负载，这是必要的，并且其也许影响到机器的最终寿命。当然，所有的计算依赖于这些结构材料通过试验测定的物理性能。国际上的设计方法试图通过从一些相对简单的而基本的实验中得到一些结果，这些试验，例如结构复杂的及现代机械设计到的电压、转矩和疲劳强度。另外，可以充分证明，一些细节，如表面粗糙度、圆角、开槽、制造公差和热处理都对机械零件的强度及使用寿命有影响。设计和构建布局要完全详细地说明每一个细节，并且对最终产品进行必要的测试。综上所述，机械设计是一个非常宽的工程技术领域。例如，从设计理念到设计分析的每一个阶段，制造，市场，销售。以下是机械设计的一般领域应考虑的主要方面的清单：最初的设计理念受力分析材料的选择外形制造安全性环境影响可靠性及寿命在没有破坏的情况下，强度是抵抗引起应力和应变的一种量度。这些力可能是：渐变力瞬时力冲击力不断变化的力温差如果一个机器的关键件损坏，整个机器必须关闭，直到修理好为止。设计一台新机器时，关键件具有足够的抵抗破坏的能力是非常重要的。设计者应尽可能准确地确定所有的性质、大小、方向及作用点。机器设计不是这样，但精确的科学是这样，因此很难准确地确定所有力。另外，一种特殊材料的不同样本会显现出不同的性能，像抗负载、温度和其他外部条件。尽管如此，在机械设计中给予合理综合的设计计算是非常有用的。此外，显而易见的是一个知道零件是如何和为什么破坏的设计师可以设计出需要很少维修的可靠机器。有时，一次失败是严重的，例如高速行驶的汽车的轮胎爆裂。另一方面，失败未必是麻烦。例如，汽车的冷却系统的散热器皮带管松开。这种破坏的后果通常是损失一些散热片，可以探测并改正过来。零件负载类型是一个重要的标志。一般而言，变化的动负载比静负载会引起更大的差异。因此，疲劳强度必须符合。另一个关心的方面是这种材料是否直或易碎。例如有疲劳破坏的地方不易使用易碎的材料。一般的，设计师要靠考虑所有破坏情况，其包括以下方面：应力应变外形腐蚀震动外部环境破坏紧固件的松脱零件的尺寸和外形的选择也有很多因素。外部负荷的影响，如几何间断，由于轮廓而产生的残余应力和组合件干涉。材料的机械性能材料的机械性能可以被分成三个方面：物理性能，化学性能，机械性能。物理性能密度或比重、温度等可以归为这一类。化学性能这一种类包括很多化学性能。其中包括酸碱性、化学反应性、腐蚀性。其中最重要的是腐蚀性，在外行人看来，腐蚀性被解释为在某处的零件抵抗腐蚀的能力。机械性能机械性能包括拉伸性能、压缩性能、剪切性能、扭转性能、冲击性能、疲劳性能和蠕变。材料的拉伸强度可以通过试件的横截面积出试件承受的最大载荷得到，这是在拉伸试验中，应力沿Y轴，应边沿X轴变化的曲线。一种材料加载时开始发生变化的初值取决于负载的大小。当负载去掉时可以看到变形消失。对于很多材料而言，在达到弹性极限的一定应力值A之前，一直表现为这样。在应力-应变图中，这是可以用线性关系来描述的。这之后又一个小的偏移。在弹性范围内，达到应力的极限之前，应力和应变是成比例的，这被称为比例极限Ap。在这个区域，零件符合胡克定律，即应力与应变是成比例的，在弹性范围内（材料能完全恢复到最初的尺寸，当负载去掉时）。曲线中的实际点，比例极限在弹性极限处。这可以认为是材料恢复初值时落后于前者。这种影响

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