精读课后题答案.docx

Unit11. Virtue is . self-centered. By right action, we mean it must help promote personal interest.2. (Poverty) was a product of their excessive fecundity. The poverty of the poor was caused by their having too many children.3. .the rich were not responsible for either its creation or its amelioration. The rich were not to blame for the existence of poverty so they should not be asked to undertake the task of solving the problem.4. It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God. It is only the result or effect of the law of the survival of the fittest applied to nature of to human society.5. It declined in popularity, and references to its acquired a condemnatory tone. People began to reject Social Darwinism because it seemed to glorify brutal force and oppose treasured values of sympathy, love and friendship. Therefore, when it was mentioned, it was usually the target of criticism.6. .the search for a way of getting the poor off our conscience was not at an end; it was only suspended. The desire to find a way to justify the unconcern for the poor had not been abandoned; it had only been put off.7. .only rarely given to overpaying for monkey wrenches, flashlights, coffee makers, and toilet seats. Government officials, on the whole, are good; it is very rare that some would pay high prices for office equipment to get kickbacks.8. This is perhaps our most highly influential piece of fiction. It is a very popular story and has been accepted by many but it is not true.9. Belief can be the servant of truth-but even more of convenience. Belief can be useful in the search for truth, but more often than not it is accepted because it is convenient and self-serving.10. George Gilder. Who tells to much applause that the poor must have the cruel spur of their own suffering to ensure effort. George Gilder advances the view that only when the poor suffer from great misery will they be stimulated to make great efforts to change the situation, in other words, suffering is necessary to force the poor to work hard.1. An imbalance between the rich and poor is the oldest and most fatal ailment of republics贫富不均乃共和政体最致命的宿疾2. Their poverty is a temporary misfortune, if they are poor and meek, they eventually will inherit the earth他们的贫穷只是一种暂时性的不幸，如果他们贫穷但却温顺，他们最终将成为世界的主人3.Couples in love should repair to R H Macys not their bedroom热恋的夫妇应该在梅西百货商店过夜，而不是他们的新房4.The American beauty rose can be produced in the splendor and fragrance which bring cheer to its beholder only by sacrificing the early buds which grow up around it.and so is in economic life. Its merely the working out of the a law of the nature and a law of god美国这朵玫瑰花以其华贵与芳香让观众倾倒，赞不绝口，而她之所以能被培植就是因为在早期其周围的花蕾被插掉了，在经济生活中情况亦是如此。这是自然规律和上帝的意志在起作用5. (It has become) an economically not unrewarding enterprise. （它已成为）经济上收入不菲的行业6.There isno form of oppression that is quiet so great, no constriction on thought and effort quiet so comprehensive, as that which come from having no money at all没有哪种压迫比身无分文更厉害，也没有哪种对思想和行为的束缚比一无所有来得更全面彻底7. Freedom we rightly cherish, cherishing it, we should not use it as a cover for denying freedom to those in need.我们珍惜自由式对的。正因为珍惜自由，我们就不能以此为借口，不给最需要自由的人自由8. Whether they be in Ethiopia, the south Bronx, or even in such an Elysium as Los Angeles, we resolve to keep them off our minds不管他们生活在埃塞俄比亚，还是在纽约的南部布朗克斯区，甚至是洛杉矶这样的天堂，人们都决心不去为这些人操心9. He is enjoying, as indicated, unparalleled popularity in high Washington circles.如上述所说，他在华盛顿高层当中有无比的威望10. Compassion, along with the association public effort is the least comfortable. the least convenient course of behavior and action in our time同情心，加上与之相关的社会努力是人们这个年代，最令人不快的行为何行动方针Unit312. But this image, now repeatedly thrust before us in photographs, posters, and advertisements, is misleading. The Earth we see in photos, posters, and ads, which appears so beautiful, is not the true reflection of the world we live in, such image lulls us into complacency.3. The technosphere has become sufficiently large and intense to alter the natural processes that govern the ecosphere.Human activities have taken place over such large areas and with such intensity that they have already caused disastrous effects on ecology.4. .which could establish itself only because it fitted properly into the preexisting system. the fish could play its role because it became a necessary link with the processes preceding it and the processes following it in the ecological system.5. Defined so narrowly, it is no surprise that cars have properties that are hostile to their environment. When cars are produced to serve such narrow purposes, it is not surprising that some of their characteristic qualities are harmful to the environment.6. Yields rose, but not in proportion to the rate of fertilizer application. the farmer applied more and more fertilizer, and the production did rise but did not increase at the same rate of the fertilizer.7.their waste is flushed into the sewer system altered in composition but not in amount at treatment plant. People eat plants and animals, and their waste is flushed into the sewer system. After being processed, the waste is still waste. the residue will go into rivers, oceans, and will have harmful effect on the aquatic ecosystem.8. Left to their own devices, ecosystems are conservative. If the ecosystems are not upset by outside intrusion, they will remain the same with very little change9.In contrast to the ecosphere, the technosphere is composed of objects and materials that reflect a rapid and relentless process of change and variation. The characteristics of the objects and materials in the technosphere are rapid change and great variety.10.But this is done only at the cost of understanding. if we take side in the war of the two words, we are doing so at the risk of failing to have a clear understanding of the nature and cause of the war, thus, we lose the chance to really solve the grave environmental crisis.1. We have been tampering with this powerful force, unaware, like the Sorcerers Apprentice, of the potentially disastrous consequences of our actions我们一直在滥用这股强大的力量，就像传说中的魔术师的师弟一样，并没有意识到我们的这种行为很可能会导致灾难性的后果2. Even if the global warming catastrophe never materializes, and the ozone hole remains an esoteric, polar phenomenon, already human activity has profoundly altered global conditions in ways that may not register on the camera即使全球变暖这种灾害永不发生，即使臭氧层空洞仍然只是一种深奥的极地现象，人类的活动已经极大地的改变了全球的条件，这些也许是用照相机拍不出来的3. The technosphere, in contrast, is dominated by linear processes与生态圈相反，技术圈是由线性流程决定The energy sources that now power the technosphere are mostly fossil fuels, stores that, once depleted, will never be renewed现在技术圈运作的能源主要是矿物燃料，一旦用完，永不再生4. Nylonis not biodegradablethat is, there is no enzyme in any know living organism that can break it down尼龙不能进行生物分解也就是说，现存的有机物中还没有发现哪种酶可以分解尼龙5. living things have created a limited but self-consistent array of substances and reactions that are essential to life6.有生命的东西创造了一系列对生命至关重要的有限但独立的物质和反应7. A free lunch is really a debt, in the technosphere, a debt is an acknowledged but unmet cost免费的午餐实际上是一种负债，在技术圈中，债务是指已承认但尚未归还的欠款8.when the debts represented by environmental pollution are created by the technosphere and transferred to the ecosphere, they are never canceled, damage is unavoidable.当债务以技术圈制造的环境污染的形式出现，然后又转嫁到生态圈，这种债务将无法消除，造成破坏是不可避免的。Unit51.the national rejection of dogmatic preconceptions about the nature of the social and economic orderThere are such prejudices in an arrogant manner about the characteristic of the social order and economic order and they take it for granted. The country just rejected such prejudice.2 Nor can one suggest that Americans have been consistently vulnerability to secular ideology ever after. No one can say that Americans have never been tempted by the approach of understanding, preserving or transforming the world according to rigid dogmas.3. .and any intellect so shaped was .ever afterA mind influenced by Calvinist theology would surely find it somewhat difficult to resist other ideological temptations to ideological thinking.4. Pragmatism is no more wholly devoid.experiencePragmatism is not completely free from abstract ideas just as ideology is not completely free from experience, that is to say, abstract ideas have a place in pragmatism just as experience has a role in ideology.5. As an ideologist, however, Jefferson.historical curiosityAs a man following a fixed set of beliefs, Jefferson is only an interesting historical figure. His beliefs are out of date and are irrelevant to present-day reality.6. .whose central dogma is confided to the custody of an infallible priesthoodTheir central beliefs are imprisoned by the whole body of priests who are always effective.7. .where free men may find partial truths, but where .on Absolute TruthIn this universe a person whose mind is unconstrained may be able to discover relation truths but no man on earth can claim that he has already grasped the one and only truth.8. But ideology is a drug; no matter how .it still persists.Ideology has the characteristic of a narcotic. In spite of the fact that it has been proved wrong many times by experience, people still long to commit themselves to ideology.9. .the only certainty in an absolute system is the certainty of absolute abuse. The only thing that is sure of a despotic system is the unrestricted exercise of power.10. The distinctive human triumph.lies in the capacity to understand the frailty of human striving .nonethelessThe most outstanding achievement of humanity is they know that no matter how hard they try, they cannot achieve Absolute truth, yet they continue to make great efforts and refuse to give up1. The American experience was unique in a number of ways美国的经验在许多方面都是独特的2. The country was blessed by notable advantagesabove all, by the fact that population was scare in relation to available resources这个国家有着得天独厚的优势只要是人口相对稀少而资源十分丰富3. It rose originally from a philosophical rather than an economic commitment它源于对思想原则的信仰，而不是出于对经济利益的追求4. We have found no better way than democracy to fulfill mans talents and release his energies我们发现民主是使人的才智得到充分施展，人的能量得以充分发挥的最好方式5.In the record of his conflict, ideology has attracted some of the strongest intelligences mankind has produced在意识形态体系与经验主义斗争的历史上，意识形态体系曾吸引了人类历史上一些聪明绝顶的人物6.In its finest hours, the US has, so to speak, risen above ideology在她处于最佳时期时，美国可以说超越了所有的意识形态体系7. that government was best which governed least政府管得越少越好8. Indeed,the whole ideological enterprise contradicted Jeffersons temper, which was basically flexible and experimental说实在的，杰弗逊一生在意识形态体系上所做的努力与他的性格是相矛盾的，他的性格特征基本上是灵活的，从经验出发的9. Indeed, I would suggest that we might well banish some overloaded words from intellectual discourse (These words)are sources of heat, not of light我甚至建议在思想界和学术界的讨论中摒弃某些用滥了的词语这些词语只能使头脑发热，而不会给人以智慧的光芒10. Free men know many truths, but they doubt whether any mortal man knows the Truth 自由人掌握许多具体的真理，但他们认为没有一个凡人能够掌握绝对真理Unit71. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human life.As a result of technological development, human belongs now have the power to put an end to poverty and human, misery, but at the same time they also possess the power to destroy the whole world, rendering it uninhabitable and lifeless.2. .unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights.We do not want to see or to allow the slow destruction of those human rights.3. To those peoples in the huts and villages of half.of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves.To the people of the underdeveloped countries living in poverty in rural areas, we are committed to helping them to rid themselves of mass poverty by their own efforts.4. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.But we should not let any communist power take advantage of this alliance for progress to expand its influence.5. And let every other power know that this.of its own house.We want to make clear to the communist powers that Americas are the Americas of the Americans. Do not attempt to penetrate into this area.6. .before the dark powers of destruction. or accidental self-destruction.Before the world is destroyed by a nuclear war launched in a preemptive attack or caused by accident.7. .yet both racing to alter the uncertain.of mankinds final war.Yet both sides attempt to get an edge in the nuclear arms race so as to break the mutual deterrence which has so far prevented the outbreak of a nuclear war.8. .civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.To be ready to negotiate and establish friendly relations does not mean that we are weak or afraid. Declarations of sincere intention have to be tested by actions.9. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Let the two sides use the fruits of science for the benefit of humanity rather than using high-tech weapons to kill and destroy.10. .each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.1. There have been occasions for each generations of Americans to be called upon to fight and die for their country.1. We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedomsymbo