英语一知识点.doc

Unit 1, Friendship一重点词汇：upset ignore tip friendship nature discover recover thunder，cheat share series dare entirely understand power trust，suffer quiz survey point favorite situation habit，loose gossip grateful experience settle highway culture，spirit community selfish solve background二重点短语：calm down be concerned about make a list of be crazy about，according to get along with fall in love try out add up，share sth. with sb. go through a series of on purpose join in，communicate with face to face happen to do at dusk stay away，set down hide away laugh at go on holiday walk the dog ，live in peace fall in love get tired of三重点句子I. I wonder if its because I havent been able to be outdoors for so long that Ive grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. 2. What do you think a good friend should be like? 3. Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since 1942.While walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car.在遛狗时，你不小心让狗挣脱了绳子，结果狗被车撞了。Im only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows.Its no pleasure looking through any longer.Its a good habit for you to keep a diary.She found it difficult to settle and4. Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? 你想有一位无话不谈、能推心置腹的朋友吗？5. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound.我记得非常清楚，曾有一段时间，湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花，从未使我心醉神迷过。 nature is one thing that really must be experienced.People are told that their actions should be as gentle as the wind that blows from the sea.6. It was the first time in a year and a half that Id seen the night face to face.这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚。7. I would be grateful if you could give me some advice.四重要语法知识点1. 直接引语和间接引语（详细参看第二单元讲解）2. with复合结构，也可以叫做独立主格结构，在格式上没有谓语动词，在句中常作状语，表示伴随，原因，方式，条件等。with+名词+介词短语。在句中作状语，作后置定语。with+名词/代词+过去分词。其中过去分词表示被动或者完成了的动作。with+名词/代词+现在分词。其中现在分词表示主动或者正在进行的动作。with+名词/代词+不定式。其中不定式表示将要发生的动作。with+名词/代词+形容词。Unit2 English around the world一， 重点单词Include international native modern vocabulary culture actually rule latter elevator/lift usage identity government command petrol/gas request polite standard recognize apartment/flat accent direction block official voyage conquer gradually enrich especially rapidly spelling settle/settle 二， 重点短语play a role (in) play a part(in) even if be based on from one place to another the sameas such as close to make use of no longer in the early days at present come up to the number of三， 重点句子1.However, they may not be able to understand everything.（然而，他们可能不是什么都懂。）2.This is because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.(这是因为英国于1765年到1947年统治过印度。)3.What the British call “petrol” the Americans call “gas”.(美国人把被英国人称作“petrol”的东西称作“gas”。 此处what引导宾语从句)4.those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English.Because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French.Actually, it was based more on German than the English we speak at present.The US is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.5.there is more than one kind of English in the world.(more than one+单数可数名词，作主语时，谓语用单数) 6.It is not easy for a Chinese person to speak English as well as a native English speaker.(对于一个中国人来说把英语说得跟以英语为母语的人一样好是不容易的。)句型：It is + adj/n+ for sb to do sth 对于某人来说做某事是扩充：It is + adj+ of /for sb to do sth当句式中形容词修饰to do sth 时用for; 若形容词修饰sb，则用of.eg: Its kind of you to help me carry the box.7.The number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly.8.At first the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today.四，重点语法知识点直接引语变为间接引语（注意：变化时句子一定为陈述句语序。）人称的变化直接引语中主语第一人称或者被第一人称所修饰，人称要与“讲话人”的人称一致。直接引语的第二人称，或者被第二人称所修饰，人称要与“听话人”的人称一致。直接引语中的第三人称不变化。 “一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更改”。二、时态的变化直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时时态不变化的情况：直接引语是客观真理。直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。 Unit3 Travel journal一，重点单词Journal/journalist/journey/trip/tour(tourist, tourism)/travel/vayage/flight fare transport finally Persuade insistcycle/recycle stubborn attitude camp proper/properly topic familiar prefer disadvantage record/recorder flow cousin province graduate brave /bravery schedule detail wool determine/determination/determined freeze reliable encourage gradually source/resource inn afford lucky special temple caf populationdirections separate field二，重点短语get sb interested in make camp dream of doing persuade sb to do persuade sb into/out of (doing) sth insist on sth /doing sth put up ones tents set /break(beat)/hold a record care about care for sth/sb give in(to sb) give away give off give out make up ones mind read ones mind keep/bear sth in mindbe familiar with sth be familiar to sb be similar to三，重点句子1.It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the Mekong River.2.Although she didnt know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that we (should) find the source of the river.3.Have you ever seen snowmen ride bicycles? (metaphor)4.To climb the mountain road was hard work but to go down the hills was great fun.5.After graduating from college, we finally got the chance to take a bike trip.6.Ever since middle school, I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip.7.they are Dai, near the Langcang River, the Chinese part of the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries.It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows.3.重要语法知识点现在进行时 构成:主语+be+动词ing现在分词形式第一人称+am+v-ing 第二人称+are+v-ing 第三人称+is+v-ing定义：现在进行时表示现在或当前一般时间正在进行的动作。现在进行时的基本用法：a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。c.已经确定或安排好的将来活动d.有些动词（状态动词不用于进行时态）表示知道或了解的动词:believe,doubt,forget,imagine,know, remember,realise,suppose,understand表示“看起来”“看上去appear,resemble,seem表示喜爱或不喜爱hate,like.lover.prefer表示构成或来源的动词 be come from.contain,include表示感官的动词 hear see smell sound taste 表示拥有的动词belong to.need.own .possess.want wish在实际运用时，现在进行时常用以下几种情况： (1)当句子中有now时，常表示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。： (2)以look, listen开头的句子，提示我们动作正进行，这时要用现在进行时。 (3)表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作，且此时有this week, these days等时间状语，这时常用现在进行时。 (4)描述图片中的人物的动作，也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。如： 现在进行时的变化 肯定句式：主语+be( am, is, are)+现在分词+其它. 否定句式：主语+be(am, is, are) +not +现在分词+其它. 一般疑问句：Be(am, is, are) +主语+现在分词+其它？ 特殊疑问句：疑问词+be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它？ 对现在进行时的特殊疑问句的回答，它不可以用Yes或No直接作答，要根据实际情况回答。c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。Unit4 Earthquakes一，重点单词Shake rise burst ruin/destroy earthquake injure judge honour useless imagine shock rescue disaster shelter survivor fresh countryside smelly nervous strange/stranger well pipe eventsuffering steam extreme shock bury canal brick dam track steel mine/miner trap judge competition express organize congratulations二，重点短语prepare to do sth/get prepared instead of a/the number of thousands of Shake hands with sb. Burst into Judging by/from Be/feel honoured by Give honour to sb Dig out as usual right away Be proud of at an end 三，重点句子1. Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide.2. But the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep.3. The number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.4. It seemed as if the world was at an end.5. Water, food and electricity were hard to get.句型：主语+ be + adj + to do 其中to do 用主动形式表示被动含义6. All hope was not lost. all 与not 连用 表示部分否定7. Its never too late to learn. 活到老，学到老。8. Then, later that afternoon, another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan.9. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.10. The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. 四，重要语法知识点定语从句定语从句及相关术语 1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。3.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 （一） 限定性定语从句一、关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语）1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。eg：this is the book （which）you want。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置. 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢。3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that。4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语。 5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。二、关系副词（在句中作状语）关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。2. when引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是，表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。 3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导。（二）非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。4. 有时as也可用作关系代词5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物.。 （三）关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人在从句中做主语2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，可以通用。）注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who。如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who。3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语（四）注意介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时从句常由介词+关系代词引导。注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等。2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose。3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词。（五）关系副词引导的定语从句1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换（六）判断关系代词与关系副词方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。 （七）介词+关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago. （八）先行词和关系词二合一1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替) （九）as,which引导的非限定性定语从句由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。As 的用法例1. the same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分。在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom.2. 动词短语先行成分这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。3. 句子作先行成分这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能一般说来，as与which的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时，它们的语义功能则有差异。1. 表示结果表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。2. 表示评注表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那些表示客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语，如natural, known to all, usual等。3. 有无状语意义 “as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。四、关系代词as与which的句法功能1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。as作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem），主语补语为usual、 a rule、 a matter of fact等时，系动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词be常略），不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有happen一词。Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主语被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。3. as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用which而不用as。如：He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。（十）关系代词that 的用法(1)不用that的情况(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。(b) 介词后不能用。(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况(a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。(b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。(c)先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，只用that。(d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.(e)先行词既有人，又有物时。(f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时(g) 为了避免重复(h)先行词是the way时举例：Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？Who that break the window should be punished谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。Finally, the their handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 （十一）难点分析（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that用括号括住。注意2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who2. 当先行词被序数词修饰3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 4. 当形容词被the very, the only，the same,the last 修饰时5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 （二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which3. 当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同(三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。(四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句。(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句。1定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系。2定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分。3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以。Unit5 Nelson Mandelaa modern hero一， 重点单词:Quality willing principle fight mean peaceful prisoner advise continue active vote position accept violence save equal degree educated terror generous reward criminal president sincerely selfish devoted cruel easy-going mankind guidance offer lawyer legal equal sentence violence relative found generous二， 重点短语:as a matter of fact come to power devote to set up in trouble lose heart worry about out of work believe in putin prison realize ones dream of blow up三，重点句子1.Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.2.I felt bad the first time I talked to the group. the first time相当于连词，用来引导从句3.He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep.