翻译理论与实践(21).doc

作业讲评：“It was like playing no-limit poker and three-dimensional chess at the same time.” Richardson, who served as both Secretary of Defense and Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare during the Nixon Administration, was talking about the negotiations for a Law of the Sea treaty, which came to a virtual conclusion last week after six years of deliberations. The climactic conference at the Palais des Nations（万国宫）in Geneva, approved a draft of the treaty that is expected to go to the member states for ratification next year.“这就象是打一场不限赌注的扑克的同时还要下一盘三维象棋。”理查森曾在尼克松政府中兼任国防部长和卫生、教育和福利部长，他在谈到关于海洋法公约的谈判时说了上述这番话。该项谈判经过六年的审议，终于在上周基本结束。标志着谈判成功的大会在日内瓦的万国宫举行，会上通过了公约草案，该草案将于明年送交各成员国批准。Virtual adjective1 before noun almost a particular thing or quality:Ten years of incompetent government had brought about the virtual collapse of the countrys economy.War in the region now looks like a virtual certainty.2 describes something that can be done or seen using a computer and therefore without going anywhere or talking to anyone:virtual shopping/bankingvirtually adverbalmost:Their twins are virtually identical.That wine stain on my shirt has virtually disappeared.NegationThe Chinese and the English-speaking people have lived so far apart for thousands of years that they often think in different ways and have different customs. These differences in ways of living and thinking often express themselves in speech. Negation in thought, in expression and even in the mode of speaking, is a great but often neglected difference. Sometimes the difference is so great that the eastern and western people think and speak just in the opposite way. What is affirmative in one language may be expressed negatively in another, or vice versa. Every language has its peculiarities in negation. Hence great caution must be taken in translating English sentences implying negation so as to avoid ridiculous errors. To make the translation fit for the Chinese way of thinking and mode of expression, the translator should carefully consider whether an English sentence should be converted into negative or affirmative, and how it is expressed in Chinese. In translation, negation means the formal conversion from the affirmative into the negative or vice versa, which is one of the translation techniques.Transfer of negation:1. Transfer of negation We dont believe that our mother tongue is inferior to any other language in the world.Oddly enough, he didnt seem to remember his own birthday.Rome was not built in a day.We do not live to eat, but eat to live.Just because she doesnt complain you shouldnt suppose that she is satisfied 你不可只因为她不发牢骚就以为她心满意足了。2. Conversion of the affirmative to negative:I hate to get personal. 我不喜欢过问私事。The name slipped from my memory.This seems to have escaped the Prime Minister.Make yourself at home.Mind your own business!She saw him coming, but ignored him.Our work is still a long way from perfection.She was persistent when executed.All music is alike to him.Give Chinese equivalents in the negative form for the following;anxiety, predictably, failure, supreme authority, with dignity, a barren tract of land, be at a loss, absent-minded, prove worthy of our trust, safe and sound, exactly, be fatally ill, a force to be reckoned with, soon enough, wet paint, life sentence (imprisonment), feel worried, keep within bounds3. Conversion of the negative: into affirmative :My overcoat would not wear out.If that isnt what I want!Whatever money doesnt go for food is spent for visits to the health clinic. 除了伙食开支，剩下的钱都用来跑诊所了。Nothing is more deceitful than the appearance of humility. 谦卑的外表最容易使人上当。I couldnt feel better.We should lose no time in finishing this task.There is not a moment to lose.They didnt half support my plan.I decided to go without him.No two minds think alike.It must not be neglected.It is an event without precedent in the world.He cant see you quickly enouph.wordsAffirmativenegativedifficult困难的certain毫无疑问extraordinary特别的dying还没咽气的incomplete残缺的infrequent不经常的unasked未经邀请的infelicitous有缺点的dishonorably不体面的unprecedented空前的indecisive优柔寡断的selfless无私displeaseddislikedisbeliefundisguisednoiselessdisorder无序的carelessilliterate文盲at any length: in detail, at last1. He told us about the trip at great length.2. We discussed the matter at length.3. At length he came to understand it.4. At length they reached the destination.Make allowances for: forgive, understand, take into consideration1. We make allowances for her rudenessshe has never been taught good manner.2. The boy had certainly done wrong, but his father made allowances for his youth.3. If there is friction between them, each should make allowances for the other.4. She and Samual esteemed each other and made allowances for each other.Buoyancy:buoy noun Ca floating object on the top of the sea, which is used for directing ships and warning them of possible danger浮标buoy verb 1 T to prevent someone or something from sinking: 使 . 浮起The very salty water buoyed her (up) as she swam.2 T usually passive to make someone feel happier or more confident about a situation: 使振作She was buoyed (up) by the warm reception her audience gave her.3 T usually passive to support something and make it more successful: 支持;鼓励House prices have been buoyed (up) in the area by the possibility of a new factory opening.buoyancy noun U1 the ability to float:We tested the boat for its buoyancy.2 an ability to stay happy despite having difficulties:He was a man of remarkable buoyancy.buoyant adjectiveAfter reading the letter he was in a buoyant (= happy) mood.buoyantly Show phoneticsadverbSuffer: verb to experience physical or mental pain:I think he suffered quite a lot when his wife left him.She suffers terribly in the winter when its cold and her joints get stiff.Shes been suffering from (= been ill with) cancer for two years.Johnny suffers from (= is often ill with) asthma.If youre not happy with it, you should complain. Dont just suffer in silence (= without saying anything).to experience or show the effects of something bad:The Democrats suffered a crushing defeat in the last election.Twenty-five policemen suffered minor injuries during the protest.The city suffered another blow last month with the closure of the local car factory.If you will insist on eating three helpings of dessert, Im afraid youll have to suffer the consequences!Archaic, tolerate: France will no longer suffer the existing government.to allow someone to do something: My conscience would not suffer me to accept