省略句终极版.doc

省略句一. 概念 英语中,为了避免重复,常常省略句子中的一个或几个成分,这样的句子叫省略句二.相关知识点精讲 1. 简单句中的省略：1)所有格之后的名词如果为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略。 如：She is going to her uncles house . 她要去她舅舅家 .2) 主语和谓语的省略，此种情况一般多用于交际用语中。英语口语或对话中, 如果上下文已经明显表明了主语, 常常 可省略主语 如：(1)Feeling much better today？ (2)Hope to see you again soon.3) 疑问句和答句中的省略 (1)“Going on holiday, are you?” （2）What does he want to eat ? Some rice and vegetables. 4)祈使句的省略 （1）On with the light.开灯！ （2）Out of the room. （3）This way, please.5) 如果谓语动词为 be, 主语或主句的主语为 it 时，也弯常省略主语和谓语部分。（1）Looks like rain. （2）Sounds like a good idea.2. 并列句中的省略：1)在并列句中，相同的成分如主语，谓语，宾语等都可以省略：（1）They learn French and we English.（2）My father planned and built all these houses.（3）Coral is not a plant but a variety of animal life.2)特别是在动词 appear, believe, expect, fear, hope, seem, suppose, trust, think 或词组 be afraid 后面 , 表示肯定时用 so, 表示否定时可用 not 。如：I think youll win the race; indeed we a1l think so. Im not sure she isnt coming, but I suppose not.3. 复合句中的省略：一）定语从句：（1）Thats the reason he is late for the conference.（2）I dont like the way he talks. （in which/ that）二）状语从句： (重点)让步、方式、条件状语从句中 , 如果主语与主句主语一致 , 或者主语是 it. 那么动词 be 及其主语通常可省略,从而构成 连词+ V-ing/ V-ed/ 形容 词 / 介词 / 副词 结构。常见的有以下几种 :1. 时间状语从句 :Be careful when (you are)crossing the street.注意由before和after引导的状语从句，如果省略主语和be后，它们的词性均为介词。Eg. The old machine must be checked before being used.(=before it is used)2. 条件状语从句 :He wont go to the party unless (he is)invited. Had it not been for the free ticket, I would not have gone to the films so often.3. 比较状语从句 :Country music today remains much the same as(it was)before.4. 让步状语从句 :Whether (it is)right or wrong, his opinion should be paid attention to. 注意1 :though, as 引导让步状语从句时,通常从句要倒装。例 :Child as/though he is, he knows much about the society.注意2: 有些由 if 构成的省略结构已属固定短语， 如 if any, if necessary, if possible, if not, if so, what if 等。三）宾语从句：当宾语从句在其谓语与主句谓语相同时 , 可省略全部谓语 , 甚至主语也省略 ,如 ：1)She will go to Beijing, but I dont know when she will go to Beijing.2）We will do what we can（do）to help you. 3）Is Mr. King in his office?Sorry, I dont know（whether he is in his office or not）.四)强调句为 It is/wasthat,当强调疑问句时， that 常可省略。如： Why was it(that)you were ten minutes late?4. 动词不定式的省略：（1）使役动词let, make, have及感官动词see, watch , hear, notice, observe, feel，look at, listen to 等后面作宾补的不定式要省去to, 但在被动句时应加上to 如：a) I saw the boy fall from the tree. b) The boy was seen to fall from the tree. (2)有时为了避免重复，表达相同意思的不定式符号to后的内容常承前省略，而只是保持不定式的符号 to. 常见的有三种情况： 系动词（be）+ adj , 常见的形容词有：afraid, ready, glad, happy, willing -Could you go shopping with me? - I am glad to. (go shopping with you)mean, try, want, afford, decide, refuse, wish, like, need, would like, would love 等后面接不定式作宾语时，省略时只保留不定式符号 to ；但如果该宾语是be动词或不定式的完成体时，则须在 to 后加上be 或 have。 如： -Are you going there? -Yes, Id like to (go there). -Are you an engineer? -No, but I want to be.tell, warn, order, advise, ask, expect,等动词后接不定式作宾补时常省略不定式后内容。 如：The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to.(enter the lab)两个或两个以上的不定式由and / or 连接时, 第一个不定式带to, 后面的不定式可省去to. 但如表示对比（照） 等，则不省 to. 如：Her job is to take care of the children and (to) wash clothes. Its better to laugh than to cry.主语补足语中的 to be 往往省略。 如： He was thought to be the cleverest boy in the group.特殊结构中的省略 Would sooner, had better, do nothing but, have nothing to do but, theres nothing to do but, cant help but, rather than 等后不定式符号 to 常省略。 如：a) He would sooner die than surrender. b) Id rather look after the baby than wash dishes.主语部分有一个表“做”的 do 的各种形式时，做表语的不定式常省 “to” （重点）如：What I really want to do is (to) go to the cinema.（3）在used to, ought to, have to, would like/love to, wish to, be going to等结构中，常常省略to后面的动词原形1）They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to.2）He doesnt get up early as he used to.3）Ill hand it in if I have to. 4）Would you like to come tonight ? Id love to.5、使用替代词的省略（1）doEg.I know you better than he does (=knows you) (2) so (用在expect, think, imagine, hope, suppose, believe后，代替单词，词组或句子，常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so.) Eg.She became a loyal friend to me and remains so.(= a loyal friend) - Has she ever been to London? - I dont think so.(= she has ever been to London.) (3) not (代替否定的句子，用法和so相似，常见的有I suppose/believe/hope not.) Eg. -Can you come next week? - Im afraid not. (=that I cannot come.) (4)the same (代替词组或从句) Eg. The mother swept the floor and her child did the same.(=swept the floor) (5) one(代替可数名词,复数是ones) Eg. I havent got any books. Can you lend me one? (=a book)第二种思路一、功能词的省略1、冠词 1）两个并列名词前都有冠词时，第二个名词前的冠词常可省。 Eg. Is the baby a boy or (a) girl? Both the old and (the) young be invited to the party. 2)表示独一无二的职位，而不是该职位所具体指的人时，冠词常省。 Eg. Chelsea, head of our team, was determined to give up this game. 注意：如果省去冠词后会误解为一人或一物时，此时不省。 Eg. They are the gardener and the gatekeeper.2、介词 1）以any, each, every, next, last, some, all, this, that, one 等开头的时间状语中或today, tomorrow, Saturday evening前，省去介词 Eg. You may come here any day. Im going to see you Sunday afternoon. 2)在表示一段时间的for短语中，for一般可以省略。 Eg. He wrote the book the whole time she was there. 注意：在否定句或在句首时，for不能省。 Eg. I haven heard from him for a long time. For a whole year, I was helping my dad on the farm. 3)of+ age /size /color /height /shape等常可省。 Eg. They have a daughter (of )my age. The two pairs of shoes are (of ) the same size.4)词组中介词的省略：Eg. At age 14, I became a student of Yale University.(at the age of) You have no idea how grateful I am for all you have done.(of后是WH-从句或WH-+不定式，of常省) I live near (to) Wascana Lake. Will you sit opposite (to) me and have a friendly talk? Follow me this way, please.( in this way) Lets cook the American style.(in style) Shall we meet about 9 oclock tomorrow morning? 5)-ing动词前的可省介词： have difficulty (in) doing sth. ; spend/waste/pass (in/on) doing sth. ; Its no use/good (in) doing sth. ; stop/prevent(from)doing sth. ; take turns (at) doing sth. ; be busy (in) doing sth. ; have a good time (in) doing sth. There is no hurry/point (in) doing sth.不必急着做某事/做某事无意义3、连词 Eg. She is not only kind, but she is (also) honest. He spoke in a loud voice so (that)we heard him clearly.4、关系词 Eg. Ill give you all (that) I have. It happened on the day (when) we first met.5、助动词 Eg. (Do) You want a drink? Who(do)you think you are?二、句子成分的省略 1、主语 1）祈使句中的you. 2)其他 Eg. (I)Beg your pardon. (It)Looks like rain. (You)Had a good time, didnt you？ 3)There be 结构中 eg. (There) Must be somebody waiting for you.2、谓语 Eg. Who(comes) next? The river was deep and the ice (was) thin. Well do the best we can(do).3、表语 Eg. He is a lover of sports as he was (a lover of sports) in his youth. China has been(), and still is, the most populous country in the world.4、宾语 Eg. We have to analyze (the problems) and solve problems. I struck match after match, but could not light(a match.) I paid (Peter) the money.= I paid Peter (the money).5、定语 Eg. He spent part of the money, and the rest (of the money ) he saved.6、状语 Eg. He was not hurt. (How)Strange! Its always dusty about here, if theres (even) the least wind.即使有小风，这周围也总是积满灰尘。1. _, I will help you with your work.A. If I am possible B. If it possible C. If possible D. Possible2. How are you getting on with your work ? Oh, Im sorry. Things arent going so well as _.A. plans B. planning C. planned D. to plan3. Why didnt you come to Mikes birthday party yesterday ? Well, I_, but I forgot it.A. should B. must C. should have D. must have4. Doctors have said that as many as 50% of patients dont take medicine _.A. like directed B. to be directed C. as directed D. so that directed5. for your brother, I would not have gone to see Mr. Wang. A. If it is not B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If they were not6. Mr. Black, born in Kentucky, lived and practiced law in Missouri. A. was B. he was C. although D. who he was 7. All substances, solids, liquids, or gases, are made up of entirely atoms. A. whether they B. whether C. whether are they D. whether are 8. I dont like the way you talk to your mother. A. B. in that C. which D. of which 9. Tom wanted to play football with his friends in the street, but his father told him. A. not to B. not to do C .not do it D. do not to 10. Judging from her voice, she must be a very pretty girl. Yes, I imagine _.A. to B. that C. it D. so11. Will you go to the online chatting room of QQ this evening? No, Im going to a lecture, or at least I am planning _. A. do B. to C. it D. that12. Did Mr. Sung buy any reading materials for you when he was in the US? He was always meaning to, but never _. A. do B. done C. did D. does13. He told this to