语言学 L.7..ppt

Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Macro teachingObjectives ThroughtheteachingofbasicLinguisticsknowledge basictheory aswellassomeresearchmethodologiestoenablestudentstohaveapreliminaryunderstandingofmodernlinguistics Thecourseisdesignedtoimprovetheirlanguagecultivation andverbalcommunicationwiththeinitialresultsofscientificresearchcapacity HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Micro teachingObjectives I KnowsomethingaboutphoneticsII Knowsomethingabouttranscription HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 TeachingMaterials I Sounds1 Briefreviewing2 Vowelglides3 ThevowelsofReceivedpronunciationII Supra segmentalfeatures1 Syllablesanditsstructure2 Sonorityscale3 Stress4 Intonation5 Tone HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Teachingtimeallotment The2ndPeriod Phonetictranscription HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X The1stPeriod Speechorgans Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 1 ThespeechsoundisarticulatedbyspeakerA thentransmittedtoandreceivedbyspeakerB So aspeechsoundgoesthroughathree stepprocess Phonetics HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X production transmission perception p 24 Reviewing 2 BasicdifferencebetweenPhoneticsandPhonology PhoneticsmainlyconcernsthestudyofsoundsPhonologymainlyconcernsthestudyofsoundPatterns Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 3 Thestudyofsoundsisdividedintothreemainareas eachdealingwithonepartoftheprocess Theyare Phonetics HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Reviewing Studythespeechsoundsproducedbyspeechorgans articulatoryphonetics b Studythepropertiesofthesoundwaves acousticphonetics c Studythewayinwhichalisteneranalysesorprocessesasoundwave auditoryphonetics Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 4 TheVocaltractconsistsofthreecavities Phonetics HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X thepharynx theoralcavity thenasalcavity 5 Whileoneisarticulatingasound hisorhervocalfoldsareeither apart closetogether totallyclosed 6 Whatarethey Voicelesssoundorvoicedsound pdlnwtkms vzfjhbg rt d Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Phonetics HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X HowtodescribeconsonantsPrinciplesofdescribingaconsonantsoundInordertomakearelativelyprecisedescriptionofaConsonant weshouldobserveitfromthreedifferentangles a whetherthesoundisvoicelessorvoiced c themannerofarticulationofthesound b theplaceofarticulationofthesound Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Phonetics HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Howtodescribeconsonants a whetherthesoundisvoicelessofvoiced b themannerofarticulationofthesound Stoporplosive Nasal Fricative Median approximant Lateral Africate p b t d k g m n f v s z h w r j l t d Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Phonetics HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Howtodescribeconsonants c theplaceofarticulationofthesound p b m w f v t d n s z l t d j Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal k g h r Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Phonetics HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Note Sound ts dz tr dr havebeenusuallyexcludedfromEnglishoftheirlegitimatepositionbecause ts and dz areusedonlyforsuffixesandforeignwords e g students friends错误工作and tr and dr areoftenrealizedastwosoundsinmanypeople sspeech e g Nevertroubletroubles untilltroubletroublesyou dramatize dry Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Phonetics HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Howtodescribeconsonants doingexercises 1 TheconsonantsofEnglish seep 35 NowtheconsonantsofEnglishcanbedescribedinthefollowingway p voicelessbilabialstop b voicedbilabialstop s voicelessalveolarfricative z voicedalveolarfricative m voicedbilabialnasal j voicedpalatalapproximant h voicelessglottalfricative l voicedalveolarlateral Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Phonetics HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X 4 Vowels1 Cardinalvowels seep 33 Primarycardinalvowels CV1 i CV2 e CV3 CV4 CV5 CV6 CV7 o CV8 u Secondarycardinalvowels English Schwa p 34 Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Phonetics HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X 4 2 Voweldescription doingexercises Thecriteriaofvoweldescription seeP 37 Vowelsarenormallydescribedwithreferencetofourcriteria Theheightoftongueraising high mid mid high mid low lowb Thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue front center backc Thelengthortensenessofthevoweltensevs laxorlongvs shortd Thekindofopeningmadeatthelips roundedvs unrounded Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Phonetics HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X 4 Vowels3 Vowelglides seeP 34 Whenthequalityofavowelremainsconstantthroughoutthearticulation itiscalledapureormonophthongVowels i I u u Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Phonetics HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X 4 Vowels3 Vowelglides seeP 34 Whenthequalityofavowelhasanaudiblechangethroughoutthearticulation itiscalledanvowelglide Ifasinglemovementofthetongueisinvolved theglidesarecalledDiphthongs ei ai i ou au AdoublemovementproducesTriphthongs ai au Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X 4 Vowels4 ThevowelsofReceivedpronunciation RP p 34 35 beat i bit I bet bat box bought boot u put u far but birth letter fate ei bike ai coat ou toy i how au Linguistics ACourseBook Lecture7 II Supra segmentalfeatures p 49 Theaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegmentsarecalledsupra segmentalfeatures Theprincipalsupra segmentalfeaturesaresyllable stress tone andintonation HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Syllable Differentlanguagespermitdifferentkindsofsyllables InChinesePutonghua forexample syllablestypicallyconsistofaconsonantfollowedbyavowel Onlynasals n canoccurafterthevowelandtherearenoconsonantclusterssuchas scr gl spr etc ThisiswhytheEnglishmonosyllabicwordpleaseisoftenpronouncedas pulis byChinesewhoarebeginningtolearnEnglish HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X 1 SyllableWordslikebed dead led red said breadthyme forthesoundsafterthefirstconsonantorconsonantclusterareidentical Thenwecandivideasyllableintotowparts theOnset shortenedforO andtheRhyme shortenedforR e g dead d O ead R bread br O ead R Asthevowelwithintherhymeisthenucleus theconsonant s afteritwillbetermedtheCoda e g dead d O ea N d Co bread br O ea N d Co Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X 1 SyllableWecanthusrepresenttheSyllabicStructureofthewordclasp deviceforfasteningthingstogether likethis clasp O nset R hyme N ucleus Co da klasp Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Linguistics ACourseBook Lecture7 II Supra segmentalfeaturesSyllable TheSyllableconsistsofthreeparts theOnset thePeakandtheCoda Takenet net forexample n istheonset e isthepeak and t isthecoda Thepeakistheessentialpart whichasyllablemustcontain theonsetandcodaaremargins whichmaybeabsentfromit Thepeakisusuallyformedbyavowel hencethesymbol V onsetandcodaareusuallyformedbyconsonant s sothesymbol C Therefore thesyllableof net mayberepresentedasCVC seeP 50 HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Wehavealreadyknownthatpeakisusuallythetaskofvowels However sometimesitisalsopossibleforaconsonanttoplaythepartofanucleus asinthewordtable Whichconsistsofasyllable tei andasyllable bl Inthesecondsyllablethereisonlythesyllabicconsonant l tofunctionasthenucleus Consonant m n alsohavesuchfunctioninEnglish asinbottom b tm andcotton k tn Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X InEnglish awordmaybeMonosyllabic withonesyllable likecatanddog orPolysyllabic withmorethanonesyllable liketransplantorfestival AsyllablemusthaveaNucleusorPeak whichisoftenthetaskofavowel e g 1 monosyllabic can book desk 2 polysyllabic window telephone HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda AsyllablethathasnocodaiscalledanOpensyllablewhileasyllablewithcodaisknownasClosedsyllable e g Opensyllable so do car chair Closedsyllale all must have contain InEnglish therearebothclosedandopensyllablesbutonlytensevowels longvowelsanddiphthongsaswellastriphthongs canoccurinopensyllables e g so do car chair Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X InEnglish theonsetpositionmaybeemptyorfilledbyaclusterofasmanyasthreeconsonants e g art ask play stream whilethecodapositionmaybeemptyorfilledbyasmanyasfourconsonants asinsixths siks s Forthismatter theEnglishsyllablemayberepresentedas C C C V C C C C TheChinesesyllable however allowsatmostoneconsonantintheonsetpositionandonlynasals n inthecodaforthePutonghua ThustheChinesesyllableisrepresentedas C V C Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 Phonetics HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X 2 SonorityscaleInEnglishtherearesomeconsonantclusters butthenumberislimited andtheircombinationarerelativelystable suchasstr pr sph mp ck etc Thatistosay consonantclusterisnotrandomlycombined e g wecanhavewordslikehelp lump quick pray butnothepl lupmrpay orwqick Why ItisfoundthataSONORITYSCALEisatwork ThedegreeofSonorityofdifferentclassesofsoundaffectstheirpossiblepositionsinthesyllable Linguistics ACoursebook Lecture7 HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Sonorityscale Mostsonorous 5 Vowels4 Approximants3 Nasals2 FricativesLeastsonorous 1 StopInwordclasp thesonorityofeachsoundgraduallyrisestoapeakatthenucleusandthenfallsatthecoda asshowninthefollowing 5 5 4 4 332 2 1 1 klasp lkaps Linguistics ACourseBook Lecture7 II Supra segmentalfeatures3 Stress Stressreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable WordstressAtthewordlevel stressonlyappliestowordswithatleasttwosyllablesandusuallythestressedsyllableislouder longerandhigherinpitchthantheunstressedone e g STUdent TEAcher proDUCE perFORM HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Linguistics ACourseBook Lecture7 II Supra segmentalfeatures3 Stress Stressreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable Stressesaresub typedintotwokinds wordstressandsentencestress WordstressForlongwords thereareoftentwostressedsyllables onebeingmorestressedthantheother Themorestressedsyllableistheprimarystresswhilethelessstressedsyllableisknownasthesecondarystress e g personifiCAtion possiBIlity individuAlity HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Linguistics ACourseBook Lecture7 II Supra segmentalfeatures2 Stressissometimesplacedonadifferentsyllableforthedifferentgrammaticalfunctionawordplays e g interVIEW v INTERview n inCREASE v Increase n imPORT V IMport n HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Linguistics ACourseBook Lecture7 II Supra segmentalfeatures3 Thealternationsofstressoftenoccurbetweencompoundsandphrases e g aGREENhouse abuildingwithglassroofandsides usedforgrowingplantsagreenHOUSE ahousewhichisgreenincoloraHOTdog akindoffastfoodwithabreadrollandasausageahotDOG adogwhichishotaBLACKboard ablackBOARD HubeiUniversityofEconomics L X Linguistics ACourseBook Lecture7 II Supra segmentalfeatures4 SentencestressIngeneralsituations notionalwordsarenormallystressedwhilestructuralwordsareunstressed e g SheLOVEStoGOSHOPPINGonWEEKEND TheBOOKontheDESKISofGREATVALUE Sentencestressisoftenusedtoexpressemphasis surpriseetc sothatinprinciplestressmayfallonanywordoranysyllable e g seetextP 52 Hub