江苏省高三英语考前赢分30天第21天.doc

江苏省2013年高三英语考前赢分30天第21天核心知识独立主格的用法一、独立主格结构的含义和实质“独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 注：“独立结构”中的being或 having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2名词/代词+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 如：the boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. the job not finished, we couldnt see the film. her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作。 如：he suggested going for a picnic, mary to provide the food. these are the first two books, the third one to come out next month. we shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp. 4名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。例如：many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. he fought the tiger, a stick his only weapon. 6名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。例如：the meeting over, we all went home. nobody in, he left a message on the board. he sat at the table, head down. 7名词/代词+介词短语 介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。如：the teacher came in, a book under his arm. the hunter entered the forest, gun in handnobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away. 三、学习独立主格结构应注意的一些问题1独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致 从以上例子我们可以看出，含有独立主格结构的句子，前后主语是不一致的，这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。 例如：(1) hearing the news, he was very excited. (2) winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 2在独立主格结构中，动词是用现在分词还是过去分词，一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系，用现在分词。如：time permitting, we will go out to play.一句中，time 和 permit 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系“时间允许”，因此用现在分词。如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系，并且有被动的意思，用过去分词。如：“more time given, we should have done it better. ”一句中，time 和give 之间的关系是动宾关系，有被动的意思，“如果被给更多时间”，因此用过去分词。 经典例题1. five people won the “chinas green figure” award, a title _ to ordinary people their contributions to environmental protection. a. being given b. is given c. given d. was given 2. the country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _at the end of last march. a. has been launched b. having been launched c. being launched d. to be launched考前赢分第21天 爱练才会赢前日回顾当天巩固3. the last plane_, they had to stay in the hotel for another night. a. left b. having leftc. having been left d. be leaving 4. it is a beautiful village with a mountain_ it. a. surrounded b. surrounding c. having surrounded d. having been surrounded 5. everything _ into consideration, his work is well done. a. taking b. taken c. has been taken d. being taken 6. all his work_, he left his office at ease. a. finished b. had been finishedc. finishing d. to finish 7. the power station was built on the river with our village and some others _ with electricity. a. to supply b. supplied c. supplying d. having supplied 8. mr. smith stood beside the window, his attention_ the car outside. a. focus on b. focusing upon c. focused on d. been focused on 9. christmas _, the family was full of excitement. a. was then only days away b. were then only days away c. then only days away d. having been then only days aw