跨文化交际(UNIT 7).ppt

ReviewofUnit6 Whatisnonverbalcommunication 2 Whyisnonverbalbehaviorsignificantininterculturalcommunication 3 Illustratesomeculturaldifferencesinnonverbalcommunication InterculturalCommunicationUnit7TimeandSpaceAcrossCultures WarmUp Pleasereadthestoryonpage228 Whatcanwelearnfromthestory TheAmericanandhissonhavediscoveredthatLatinAmericanuseoftimeandspaceisverydifferentfromtheirsbackintheUnitedStates TheyfeltastoundedatfirstbecausetheyhadnotexpectedthattherewouldbesuchgreatdifferencesintheseaspectsoflifebetweenLatinAmericansandNorthAmericans WhattheyhavelearnedthereisnotjusttheSpanishlanguage butalsohowtimeandspaceistobeusedwhenyouinteractwithpeopleinthenewculturalenvironment WarmUp Whatisyoursenseoftime GotoanswerthequestionsonGroupWork p235 236 Peoplewhochooseverydifferentanswerstothesequestionsmayfinditdifficulttocommunicateandgetalongwithoneanother fortheyareverylikelytodifferinsenseoftimeandhowtimeshouldbeused Sometimeswemaymakeunfairjudgmentsonotherpeopleandtheircharacterssimplybecausetheirunderstandinganduseoftimearedifferentfromours Chronemics Chronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime Thesenseoftime 1 Timeislinear Westernculturesthinktimeislinear aflowfromthepasttothepresenttothefuture 2 Timeiscyclical Lifeonearthevolvedinresponsetothecyclesofdayandnightandtheebbandflowofthetides Chronemics MonochronicandPolychronicTime p256 257 1 WhatisM TimeandP Time Whichdoyouthinkisthedominatingtimesysteminourculture Monochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime eventsscheduledasseparateitems 2 Polychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce Chronemics 2 Whatisthephilosophyunderlyingeachofthetimesystem 1 P timestressesinvolvementofpeopleandcompletionoftransactionsratherthanadherencetopresentschedules Appointmentsarenottakenasseriouslyand asaconsequence arefrequentlybroken P timeistreatedaslesstangiblethanM time Weakness Mattersinapolychromiccultureseeminaconstantstateofflux Appointmentsarefrequentlybroken Chronemics 2 Whatisthephilosophyunderlyingeachofthetimesystem 2 InM timesystem socialandbusinesslifeiscommonlyschedule dominated Byscheduling wecompartmentalize thismakesitpossibletoconcentrateononethingatatime butitalsoreducesthecontext M timeisalsotangible M timeschedulingisusedasaclassificationsystemthatorderslife Weakness Lifeingeneralisattimesunpredictable M timereducesthecontextandalienatepeoplefromthemselvesandfromothers ReadingI Readthearticle TheHeartbeatofCulture p229 232 1 WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusfromhisexperienceinBrazilandthequestionnairebetweenstudentsinNiteroiandthoseinFresno InBrazil peopleseemtobeveryflexibleintheirconceptsoftimeandpunctuality Braziliansarelikelytoattributelatenessforappointmentstounforeseencircumstancesthatthepersoncouldn tcontrol Theyseemlessinclinedtofeelpersonallyresponsibleforbeinglate Sotheyexpresslessregretfortheirownlatenessandblameotherslesswhenothersarelate ReadingI Readthearticle TheHeartbeatofCulture p229 232 1 WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusfromhisexperienceinBrazilandthequestionnairebetweenstudentsinNiteroiandthoseinFresno TheBrazilianstudentsbelievedthatapersonwhoisconsistentlylateisprobablymoresuccessfulthanonewhoisconsistentlyontime Theyseemedtoaccepttheideathatsomeoneofstatusisexpectedtoarrivelate Lackofpunctualityisabadgeofsuccess ReadingI Readthearticle TheHeartbeatofCulture p229 232 2 Therearen tunanimousperceptionsoftimeamongculturallydifferentpeople Evenwithinonecountry ideasoftimeandpunctualityvaryconsiderablyfromplacetoplace Differentregionsandevencitieshavetheirowndistinctrhythmsandrules 3 Appreciatingculturaldifferencesintimesensebecomesincreasinglyimportantasmoderncommunicationsputmoreandmorepeopleindailycontact Ifwearetoavoidmisreadingissuesthatinvolvetimeperceptions weneedtounderstandbetterourownculturalbiasesandthoseofothers IdentifyingDifference What stheRush p233 235 PeoplefromSouthAmericadomanythingssimultaneously aremoreconcernedwithpeopleandthepresentmomentthanwithschedules believethattheyareincommandoftimeratherthanarebeingcontrolledbyitsotheydon trushtodothingsandtendto belate often However peopleintheUnitedStatesemphasizeschedules thesegmentationoftime andpromptness Theyprefertodoonlyonethingatatimeandbelievethattimeismoney So peoplefromSouthAmericamaythinkthatpeopleintheUnitedStatesdon tunderstandthetruemeaningoflifeandhavenoideaofenjoyingitwhilepeopleintheUnitedStatesmayregardpeoplefromSouthAmericaaslazyorirresponsible AmericanConceptofTime PeopleintheUnitedStatesemphasizeschedules thesegmentationoftime andpromptness Theyprefertodoonlyonethingatatimeandbelievethattimeismoney Americansseetimeasavaluableresource Maybethat sProfessionalscarryaroundpocketplanners someinelectronicform tokeeptrackofappointmentsanddeadlines Peopledoalltheycantosqueezemorelifeoutoftheirtime ToAmericans punctualityisawayofshowingrespectforotherpeople stime Beingmorethan10minuteslatetoanappointmentusuallycallsforanapology andmaybeanexplanation Whenpeopleplananevent theyoftensetthetimedaysorweeksinadvance Also peoplehesitatetocallotherslateatnightforfeartheymightbeinbed ReadingII Readthearticle TheLanguageofSpace p239 243 WhatarethedifferencesamongAmericans theIndia theJapaneseandtheArabtowardsspace IntheUnitedStates HallreportsthatpsychologistshaveidentifiedfourzonesfromwhichU S peopleinteract theintimatezone thepersonalzone thesocialzone andthepubliczone Thestudyofspatialterritoryforthepurposeofcommunicationusesfourcategoriesforinformalspace theintimatedistanceforembracingorwhispering 6 18inches thepersonaldistanceforconversationsamonggoodfriends 1 5 4feet socialdistanceforconversationsamongacquaintances 4 12feet andpublicdistanceusedforpublicspeaking 12feetormore ReadingII InIndia thereareelaboraterulesabouthowcloselymembersofeachcastemayapproachothercastes InJapan theprivatebubbleandthepersonalspacearemoreacreationofthemindthananactualexistence TheJapaneseconnectprivacywithmentalspace IncrowdseachJapanesebecomesanislandandheisaloneaslongashedoesnotacknowledgeanyoftheotherpeople InArab ArabsofthesamesexdostandmuchcloserthanNorthAmericans AnArabenteringanelevatormaystandrightnexttoanotherpersonandbetouchingeventhoughnooneelseisintheelevator Supplement Proxemics Afascinatingareainthenonverbalworldofbodylanguageisthatofspatialrelationships orproxemics thestudyofman sappreciationanduseofspace Asaspecies manishighlyterritorialbutwearerarelyawareofitunlessourspaceissomehowviolated Spatialrelationshipsandterritorialboundariesdirectlyinfluenceourdailyencounters Maintainingcontroloversuchspaceisakeyfactorinpersonalsatisfaction observingspatialinteractionsineverydaylifeisakeytopersonalawareness Supplement Proxemics i Thestudyofproxemicsincludesthreeaspectsofspace a fixedfeaturesofspace b semifixedfeaturesofspace and c personalspace a fixedfeaturesofspaceForexample apersonintheUnitedStatescandriveonahighwayformilesandneverseeasignofpeopleordwellings Therefore hemaybeamazedattheclosenessofpeopleinChina b semifixedfeaturesofspaceSemifixedfeaturesofspacerefertospatialarrangementsofmovableobjectswithinaroom suchasfurniturearrangementandseating Supplement Proxemics c personalspaceorprivatespace p239 241 Behavioralstudyindicatesthatindividualsperceiveadistancethatisappropriatefordifferenttypesofmessages theyalsoestablishacomfortabledistanceforpersonalinteractionandnonverballydefinethisastheirpersonalspace Researchsupportsthehypothesisthattheviolationofthispersonalspacecanhaveseriousadverseeffectsoncommunication Thus ifanindividualistobemutuallysatisfiedinacommunicationencounterhis herpersonalspacemustberespected Shouldanintruderinvadethispersonalspacewhilealsotrespassingwithinterritorialboundariesheplacedhimselfindoublejeopardyandmustcompensatefortheother sincreasedanxiety Supplement Territoriality Territorialityreferstohowspacecanbeusedtocommunicatemessages Territorialclaimsdifferfrompersonalspaceinthatthepersonalzoneaccompaniestheindividualwhileterritorialityisrelativelystationary Semi fixedfeaturespaceisoftenthecriteriausedtoestablishaterritorywithinanyenvironment itbecomesaman ssafetyzonewhereherestsfromtherigorsofdefendingpersonalspacefrominvasion thedramaticorsuddenentryintoanother spersonalzone Humans likeanimals indicatetheirownershipofthisestablishedterritoryandwillconsequentlydefenditagainstallinvasions Supplement Territoriality Comparethedifferencesamongtheculturesofthecountriesmentionedin HomeinVariousCultures p244 247 America showingvisitorsaroundhome peoplearenotallowedtolockdoorsexceptthebathroomdoor kitchenistheplacefornegotiationbetweenthemotherandthechildren theparents bedroomismostlyoff limits Germany requiresawideareaofprivacy formalandregimented doorsarefirmlyshutbetweenrooms anentrancehalltoleadvisitorsintothehousewithoutshowingspecificroomsandspoilingthefamily sprivacy NorthernEuropeancountries rudeifnotcallinadvance nottoexpectthetourofthehost shome Supplement Territoriality France neverdropinunannounced notourofthehouse guestsareusuallyreceivedinthelivingroom withthedoorstotheotherroomsclosed Italy youcandropinanytimewithoutcallingfirst exceptfortherestinghoursof2 00to4 00pm Spain callahead normalvisitinghoursare4 00to6 00pm LatinAmericancountries guests evendroppinginwithoutwarning aregreetedwarmly oftenwithhugsandkisses tocommunicateinthediningroom TheMiddleEasterncountries thelayoutofthesalon CaseStudy Case25 Page250 251 Inthiscase totheChinesedirectoraswellasmanyotherChinesepeople itisnaturaltohandletheotherthingswhichneededtobedealtwithimmediately Hemayhavethoughtthat inthisway heutilizedthetimebest ButtoKatherineandmostWesterners it squitedifferent Theytendtodothingsstrictlyaccordingtotheirscheduleandappointmentswithothers whichistheirconceptofusingtimebest CaseStudy Case26 Page251 JackfelthisprivacyviolatedandJackimmediatelyshowedhisemotionasaconditionedreflex whichwroteonthelook saying Iamcompletelynothappytoseeyou Afewsecondslater hesmiledandsaid Hi Magid comeonin ThisobviouschangeonhisfacewascertainlynoticedbyMagid JackhadtopretendhewasveryhappytoseeMagid buthewassodispleasedwiththisdearoldfriendfornothavingphonedtosayhewascomingthathemighthaveexpressedhisunhappinessfromtimetotimethroughnonverbalmessages suchasfacialexpressions handmovementsandbodypostures Thesemessagesmightcontradicthiswords Magidcouldmoreorlessperceivethissubtleawkwardnessthathemightbeperplexedabout CaseStudy Case27 Page252 WeChinesepeopleusuallyattachgreatimportancetotakinggoodcareofourguests Weoftengooutofourwaytomakeaguestfeelcomfo