高分子化学是研究高分子化合物的合成.doc

专业英语 班级：高分子0902姓名：马强学院：高分子材料与工程学号：0502090225 高分子化学高分子化学是研究高分子化合物的合成、化学反应、物理化学、物理、加工成型、应用等方面的一门新兴的综合性学科。那么，高分子化学具体内容及高分子与生活、高科技的发展关系如何呢？以下作简单介绍。人类从一开始即与高分子有密切关系，自然界的动植物包括人体本身，就是以高分子为主要成分而构成的，这些高分子早已被用作原料来制造生产工具和生活资料。人类的主要食物如淀粉、蛋白质等，也都是高分子。只是到了工业上大量合成高分子并得到重要应用以后，这些人工合成的化合物，才取得高分子化合物这个名称。但提到合成高分子材料（聚合物）的应用与发展，人们在想到它们极大地方便我们的生活的同时，很多人会想到“白色污染”，甚至将水污染、大气污染等各种环境问题的产生怪罪于高分子，这说明他们对高分子并不十分了解。当今社会高分子的功用无处不在，而人们认识高分子时，往往忽略了它带给人类生活的巨大变化和种种利益，不了解它为人类文明做出的贡献是巨大的。 一、高分子化学的内涵1何为高分子化学顾名思义，高分子就是相对分子质量很高的分子，它是高分子化合物的简称。高分子化合物，又称聚合物或高聚物，是结构上由重复单元（低分子化合物单体）连接而成的高相对分子质量化合物。高分子的相对分子质量非常的大，小到几千，大到几百万、上千万的都有。我们有时将相对分子质量较低的高分子化合物叫低聚物。高分子化学作为化学的一个分支，同样也是从事制造和研究分子的科学，但其制造和研究的对象都是大分子，即由若干个原子按一定规律重复地连接成具有成千上万甚至上百万质量的、最大伸直长度可达毫米量级的长链分子，称为高分子、大分子或聚合物。2高相对分子质量与高强度相对分子质量和物质的性质是密切相关的，是决定物质性质的一个重要因素。只有相对分子质量高的化合物才有一定的机械力学性能，才能作为材料使用。例如乙烷、辛烷、廿烷、聚乙烯、超高分子量聚乙烯，都是直链的烷烃化合物，但是分子量变化很大，其机械力学性能因而也有极大的区别。3高分子科学的主要内容既然高分子化学是制造和研究大分子的科学，对大分子的反应和方法的研究，显然是高分子化学最基本的研究内容。高分子科学不仅是研究化学问题，也是一门系统的科学。高分子科学的主要内容有：如何将低分子化合物连接成高分子化合物，即聚合反应的研究。高分子化合物的结构与性质关系。不同性质的高分子，其结构必然是不同的。为了得到不同性质的高分子，就要去合成具有特殊结构的高分子。二、高分子材料化学的应用材料是人类社会文明发展阶段的标志，是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础。它是指经过某种加工，具有一定结构、组分和性能，并可应用于一定用途的物质。上世纪半导体硅、高集成芯片、高分子材料的出现和广泛应用，把人类由工业社会推向信息和知识经济社会。可以说某一种新材料的问世及其应用，往往会引起人类社会的重大变革，材料是人类文明的重要标志。如果说现在人人离不开高分子材料，家家离不开高分子材料，处处离不开高分子材料，是一点也不过分的。高分子化合物的最主要的应用是以高分子材料的形式出现的，高分子材料包括了塑料、纤维、橡胶三大传统合成材料，另外许多精细化工材料也都是高分子材料。第一，塑料：一类是通用塑料，如容器、管道、家具、薄膜、鞋底与泡沫塑料等等；另一类叫工程塑料，其强度大，如汽车零部件、保险杠、洗衣机内的滚筒、电器的外壳等。第二，纤维：人们开发出聚酯、尼龙、腈纶、维尼纶等高分子化合物，通过不同的加工，生产出了各种纤维制品，极大地满足着人类的需要。第三，橡胶：天然橡胶的种类和品质都受到很大的限制，于是科学家们不断开发出了各种人造橡胶，如丁苯橡胶、丁腈橡胶、乙丙橡胶、氟橡胶、硅橡胶等。第四，精细化工：比如使得我们的世界变得丰富多彩的各种涂料产品，如家具漆、内外墙乳胶漆、汽车漆、飞机漆等。女孩子用的指甲油，使牙齿变白的增白剂也都是涂料。还有万能胶、建筑用胶、医用胶、结构胶等黏合剂，以及各种吸水树脂等都是高分子产品。三、高分子化学与高科技的结合当今社会，人们将能源、信息和材料并列为新科技革命的三大支柱，而材料又是能源和信息发展的物质基础。自从合成有机高分子材料的那一天起，人们始终在不断地研究、开发性能更优异、应用更广泛的新型材料，来满足计算机、光导纤维、激光、生物工程、海洋工程、空间工程和机械工业等尖端技术发展的需要。高分子材料向高性能化、功能化和生物化方向发展，出现了许多产量低、价格高、性能优异的新型高分子材料。随着生产和科学技术的发展，许多具有特殊功能的高分子材料也不断涌现出来，如分离材料、光电材料、磁性材料、生物医用材料、光敏材料、非线性光学材料等等。功能高分子材料是高分子材料中最活跃的领域，下面简单介绍特种高分子材料：功能高分子是指当有外部刺激时，能通过化学或物理的方法做出相应反应的高分子材料；高性能高分子则是对外力有特别强的抵抗能力的高分子材料。它们都属于特种高分子材料的范畴；特种高分子材料是指带有特殊物理、力学、化学性质和功能的高分子材料，其性能和特征都大大超出了原有通用高分子材料（化学纤维、塑料、橡胶、油漆涂料、粘合剂）的范畴。第一，力学功能材料：强化功能材料，如超高强材料、高结晶材料等；)弹性功能材料，如热塑性弹性体等。第二，化学功能材料：分离功能材料，如分离膜、离子交换树脂、高分子络合物等；反应功能材料，如高分子催化剂、高分子试剂；生物功能材料，如固定化酶、生物反应器等。第三，生物化学功能材料：人工脏器用材料，如人工肾、人工心肺等；高分子药物，如药物活性高分子、缓释性高分子药物、高分子农药等；生物分解材料，如可降解性高分子材料等。可以预计，在今后很长的历史时期中，特种与功能高分子材料研究将代表了高分子材料发展的主要方向。四、高分子化学的可持续发展研究高分子合成材料的环境同化，增加循环使用和再生使用，减少对环境的污染乃至用高分子合成材料治理环境污染，也是21世纪中高分子材料能否得到长足发展的关键问题之一。比如利用植物或微生物进行有实用价值的高分子的合成，在环境友好的水或二氧化碳等化学介质中进行化学合成，探索用前面提到的化学或物理合成的方法合成新概念上的可生物降解高分子，以及用合成高分子来处理污水和毒物，研究合成高分子与生态的相互作用，达到高分子材料与生态环境的和谐等。显然这些都是属于21世纪应当开展的绿色化学过程和材料的研究范畴。 Polymer chemistryPolymer chemistry is the study of the synthesis of the polymer compound, chemistry, physical chemistry, physics, processing, applications and other aspects of an emerging comprehensive discipline. Then, polymer chemistry and polymer and the specific content of life, high-tech development how? The following brief introduction. Human from the beginning and polymer is closely related to nature, animals and plants including human itself, is with high polymer as the main composition, the polymer has long been used as raw materials to manufacture tools of production and living materials. Human foods such as starch, protein and so on, are also polymer. Just to the industry on a large number of synthetic polymer and important application, these synthetic compounds, in order to obtain polymer compounds this name. But the mentioned synthetic polymeric materials ( polymer ) applications and development, people think they are great convenience for our life at the same time, a lot of people can think of white pollution, and even the water pollution, air pollution and other environmental issues have blamed on the polymer, indicating that they are not very understanding of polymer. In todays society of polymer function everywhere, and people know the polymer, it is often overlooked brings the change of life is great and all sorts of interests, not understanding it for human civilization and made a great contribution. One, the connotation of polymer chemistry polymer chemistry 1 what is as the name suggests, the polymer is of high molecular weight molecules, it is referred to as the polymeric compounds. Polymer compound, also known as polymers or polymer, is structurally composed of repeating units ( low molecular compound monomer ) which is formed by the connection of high relative molecular mass compounds. Polymer relative molecular mass is very large, small to thousands, millions, tens of millions to have. We will sometimes low relative molecular weight of polymer compounds called oligomers. Polymer chemistry is a branch of chemistry, is also engaged in the manufacture and study of molecular science, but its manufacturing and research objects are large molecules, i.e. several atomic according to certain rules repeatably connected with tens of thousands of millions, even the quality of maximum extended length up to millimeter magnitude of long chain molecules, called polymer, macromolecules or polymers. 2 high molecular weight and high strength relative molecular mass and physical properties are closely related, is to determine the material properties are an important factor. Only relatively high molecular mass compounds have certain mechanical properties, can be used as material. For example, ethane, octane, eicosane, polyethylene, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, is a straight chain alkane compounds, but the molecular weight changes greatly, its mechanical properties and thus has great distinction. The 3 polymer science polymer chemistry is the main content that the manufacture and study of Macromolecular Science, on macromolecular reaction and methods of research, is clearly the most basic research contents of polymer chemistry. Polymer science is not only a research chemical problem, is also a system of science. Polymer science main content has: how low molecular compounds even connected into a polymer compound, namely the polymerization reaction of. Relationship between the structure and properties of high molecular compounds. The different nature of the polymer, its structure is different. In order to get the different nature of the polymer, to the synthesis of a special structure of polymer. In two, polymer materials chemistry applied materials is the human society civilization development stage, is the human survival and the development material foundation. It is through certain processing, with a certain structure, composition and properties, and can be applied to certain uses of the material. The semiconductor silicon, high integrated chip, polymer materials and extensive application, the mankind from the industrial society to the information and knowledge economy society. Can say a kind of new materials available and its application, often can cause major changes in human society, material is the important sign of human civilization. If there is inseparable from the polymeric material, every family is inseparable from the polymeric material, always inseparable from the polymeric material, is not a bit too much. The main application of the polymeric compound is polymeric materials in the form of, polymeric materials including plastics, fiber, rubber three traditional synthetic materials, and many are also fine chemical materials polymer materials. First, the plastic : one is the general plastics, such as containers, pipes, furniture, film, soles and foam plastic and so on; the other called engineering plastics, its strength, such as auto parts, bumpers, a drum in the washing machine, electrical appliances and other shell. Second, fiber: people develop a polyester, nylon, acrylic, Vigny acrylic polymer, through different processing, production of a variety of fiber products, great to meet human needs. Third: natural rubber, rubber variety and quality are very limited, so the scientists continue to develop a variety of synthetic rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, such as nitrile rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, fluorine rubber, silicone rubber. Fourth, fine chemical industry : for example, our world has become rich and colorful variety of products such as paint, furniture paint, interior and exterior wall latex paint, automobile paint, lacquer and other aircraft. A girl with the nail polish, make a tooth be changed into white whitening agent are also paint. There are all-purpose adhesive, glue used in construction, medical adhesive, structural adhesive binder, and a variety of water absorbent resin are polymer products. In three, polymer chemistry with a combination of high-tech in todays society, people will be energy, information and materials for the new revolution of science and technology of the three big pillar, and the materials and energy and the information development of the material basis. Since the synthesis of organic polymer materials of the day, it is always in the continuous research, development of superior performance, more extensive application of new materials, to meet the needs of computer, optical fiber, laser, biological engineering, ocean engineering, space engineering and machinery industry and other cutting-edge technology development needs. Polymer materials to high performance, functional and biological changes directional development, appeared a lot of low yield, high price, the outstanding performance of the new polymer materials. With the development of science and technology, with some special functional polymer materials are constantly emerging, such as separation materials, photoelectric materials, magnetic materials, biological and medical materials, photosensitive materials, nonlinear optical materials and so on. Functional polymer material is a polymer material in the most active area, the following a brief introduction of special polymer materials: functional polymer refers to when an external stimulus, by chemical or physical methods to make corresponding responses of polymer materials; high performance polymer is a particularly strong external force resistance of polymer materials. They all belong to the category of special polymer materials; special polymer materials with special physical means, mechanical, chemical and functional polymer materials, their properties and characteristics are greatly exceeded the original universal polymer materials ( chemical fiber, plastics, rubber, paint, adhesives ) category. First, the mechanical function of material: strengthened functional materials, such as ultra high strength material, high crystalline materials ); elastic functional materials, such as thermoplastic elastomer. In second, chemical functional material: separation of functional materials, such as membrane separation, ion exchange resin, polymer complexes; response function materials, such as polymer catalyst, polymeric reagents; biological functional materials, such as enzyme immobilization, such as biological reactor. In third, the biochemical function of materials: materials for artificial organs, such as artificial kidney, artificial heart and lung; polymeric drugs, such as drug active polymer, polymer, pol