高级英语Unit2-A.ppt

Einstein sRepulsiveIdea Unit2SectionA AlbertEinstein 1879 1955 Doyouhaveanyideaabouttheformationofouruniversebeforereadingthisarticle Ahumanbeingispartofthewholecalledbyusuniverse apartlimitedintimeandspace Weexperienceourselves ourthoughtsandfeelingsassomethingseparatefromtherest Akindofopticaldelusionofconsciousness Thisdelusionisakindofprisonforus restrictingustoourpersonaldesiresandtoaffectionforafewpersonsnearesttous Ourtaskmustbetofreeourselvesfromtheprisonbywideningourcircleofcompassiontoembracealllivingcreaturesandthewholeofnatureinitsbeauty Thetruevalueofahumanbeingisdeterminedbythemeasureandthesenseinwhichtheyhaveobtainedliberationfromtheself Weshallrequireasubstantiallynewmannerofthinkingifhumanityistosurvive AlbertEinstein 1954 AnOverviewofCosmology ObjectivesDevelopperspectiveonthehistoryofhumanknowledgeoftheuniverseUnderstandtheprocessofscientificexplorationoftheuniverseContemplatethecurrentstateofastronomyandthinkaboutfuturemissions Forthousandsofyears astronomerswrestledwithbasicquestionsaboutthesizeandageoftheuniverse Doestheuniversegoonforever ordoesithaveanedgesomewhere Hasitalwaysexisted ordiditcometobeingsometimeinthepast WhatisCosmology 2ndCentury ClaudiusPtolemy PhysicsofAristotle Model Earth centeredCosmology Threescientificrevolutionsincosmology 16thCentury NicolausCopernicus PhysicsofNewton Model Sun centeredCosmology 20thCentury EdwinHubble PhysicsofEinstein Model BigBangCosmology OurViewoftheCosmos thestoryofscientificmodels Bigidea Earthwasviewedasastationarycenteroftheuniverse withsun moon andstarsrevolvingaboutitincircularorbitsandatauniformrate Earth centeredCosmology ClaudiusPtolemy 100 170AD Sun centeredCosmology NicholasCopernicus1473 1543 Bigidea Copernicansystemplacedthesunmotionlessatthecenterofthesolarsystemwithalltheplanets includingtheearth revolvingaroundit BigBangCosmology EdwinHubbleandAlbertEinstein Bigidea Theuniversehadexplodedandexpandedfromasmall hot densestateintowhatweseetoday thetheoryofthecosmicexplosionthatmarkedtheoriginoftheuniverse Accordingtothebig bangtheory atthebeginningoftime allofthematterandenergyintheuniversewasconcentratedinaverydensestate fromwhichitexploded withtheresultingexpansioncontinuinguntilthepresent Thisbigbangisdatedbetween10and20billionyearsago Inthisinitialstate theuniversewasveryhotandcontainedathermalsoupofquarks electrons photons andotherelementaryparticles Aftermanymillionsofyearstheexpandinguniverse atfirstaveryhotgas thinnedandcooledenoughtocondenseintoindividualgalaxiesandthenstars BigBangTheory Historyofexpansion Aroughpictureofhowtheuniverse sexpansiondecelerated thenbegantoaccelerate Fateisnotknown Einstein sRepulsiveIdea Thisdiagramrevealschangesintherateofexpansionsincetheuniverse sbirth15billionyearsago Themoreshallowthecurve thefastertherateofexpansion Einstein sRepulsiveIdea SometheoriststhinktheUniverseisfilledwithamysteriousdarkenergy asortofnegativegravity TheHubbleSpaceTelescoperecentlycapturedlightfromasupernovalocatedfartherfromEarththananypreviouslyseen Thefindinghasbolsteredcosmologicalmodelsfortheuniverse sexpansionandamysterious darkenergy pervadingit Thesupernova orexplodingstar islocated10billionlight yearsfromEarth DarkEnergy73 DarkMatter23 NormalMatter 4 Conclusions BigBangmodeldescribesourcurrentunderstandingoftheuniverse Newdiscoveries suchasdarkmatterandacceleratingexpansion DarkEnergy leadustorefineourmodel Scienceisanongoingprocess forcingustotestourmodelthroughpredictionandobservation Themoretestsitpasses thegreaterisourconfidenceinit Whatdoesitmeantosaythattheuniverseisaccelerating Whatarethedifficultiesinstudyingandunderstandingtheuniverse Newtechnologyhasmadecosmologyoneofthemostexcitingsciencestoday butnotalltheanswershavebeenfound WatchthevideosegmenttheGravityandtheExpandingUniverseandanswerthefollowingtwoquestions Einstein sRepulsiveIdea Thescientificstyleisdictatedbythepurposeofthetypeofwriting Thescientistorengineerwillgenerallywritetodescribeaphenomenon anexperimentoraprocess ortoexplainatheory Hencetheybelongtothecategorycalledexposition Inthistext theauthorexplainsEinstein srepulsiveideaanditsrelationshiptothelatestresearchofexpandinguniverse Keywordsinthetext generalrelativity gravityandantigravity supernova HubbleSpaceTelescope cosmologicalterm Relativity Afterall hisspecialandgeneralrelativitytheoriesmadetheastonishingassertionthattime spaceandmattercouldbesqueezedandstretchedlikesomuchIndiarubber Para 1 Einsteinin1905 attheageof26 SpecialRelativity Wecannotcatchupwithlight Massisaformofenergy E mc2 GeneralRelativityGRencompassesgravityanddescribestheexpandinguniverseandblackholes Thetroublewasthatsomesortofantigravityforce Einsteincalleditthe cosmologicalterm wasrequiredtomakethepredictionsofgeneralrelativitymatchwhatastronomersbelievedtheactualuniverselookedlike Para 1 Einstein sRepulsiveIdea Question WhydidEinsteinhypothesizethecosmologicalconstant Whydidhelaterdiscardit Thegreatphysicistwashugelyrelievedwhenthediscoveryoftheexpandinguniverseinthe1920slethimcrossoutwhathedeclaredwas mygreatestblunder Para 1 Einstein sRepulsiveIdea Question 1 WhydidEinsteincallhiscosmologicalconstanthis greatestblunder 2 WhatistheassumptiontakenfromHubble sdiscoveryandrecentastronomicaldata UsingtheHubbleSpaceTelescopetofindandstudyadistantsupernova astronomersfromtworivalresearchteamshavejointlygatheredthestrongestevidenceyetthattheexpansionoftheuniverseisactuallyspeedingup Para 2 HubbleSpaceTelescope HST thefirstgeneral purposeorbitingobservatory NamedafterAmericanastronomerEdwinP Hubble TheHubbleSpaceTelescopewaslaunchedonApril24 1990 Thefirsthintcameacoupleofyearsago whentwoindependentteamsofastronomerstriedtocalibratethecosmicexpansionusingTypeIasupernovas akindofexplodingstarwhoseintrinsicbrightnessishighlyconsistent Para 4 Supernova astellarexplosionthatproducesanextremelybrightobjectmadeofplasmathatdeclinestoinvisibilityoverweeksormonths SectionAHowtoFindTrueLove Whatistruelove Howtofindtruelove Understandthatloveisastateofmindandheart LoveisSpecific Settleforcommitment Talkabouteverything exceptdivorce Wantthebestforeachother Onlyonepersoncanbecrazyatatime Lovewantstherealthing Gothroughthepassagein5minutesandfindoutwhatstepsaresuggestedinordertofindtruelove ReadingStrategies Skimming quicklyidentifythemainideasofatext Scanning searchforamoderatelevelofinformation Deepstudy detailedreadingtohighlight underlineandannotatethematerialasyougoon Thisemphasizesinformationinyourmindandhelpsyoutoreviewtheimportantpointslater Criticalthinking evaluatethereadingmaterialbasedonyourdiscussion thinkingandreflection Pleasepickoutonesentenceinthepassagetodescribetheconceptoftruelove Whatdoestheauthorthinkofherownlove Whatdoes commitment mean Explainwithexamples Howdoestheauthorcometoknowtheyshouldnevertalkabout divorce Commentonthelastparagraph Pleasepickoutonesentenceinthepassagetodescribetheconceptoftruelove Whatdoestheauthorthinkofherownlove Whatdoes commitment mean Explainwithexamples Howdoestheauthorcometoknowtheyshouldnevertalkabout divorce Commentonthelastparagraph Discussion Readingforwriting adiscussionontheorganizationanddevelopmentofthepassage eg exemplificationcomparisonandcontrastcausalanalysisillustrationdefinition Thesis Loveisastateofmindandheart I Introduction puttingforwardthereasonsforwritingthisessayA Fanshaveapositiveidea B Thechildrenhaveadistrust C Worryingaboutthechildrenmakesitnecessarytowritedownsomeideasonloveforthem II Whatislove A Loveisastateofmindandheart B Lovebeginswithinfatuationsandmovesfromphysicalattractiontothedeepestbondbetweentwopeople III LoveisspecificA Marriageisasplainasvanillaicecream butthecoreoflife B Romancenovelsarejustapreludetolove C Trueromancecomessocleverlydisguisedthatitiseasytooverlook outline IV Settlefortotalcommitment A Trialmarriageresultsinirresponsibility B Amateisonewhocanbeleanedon lovedandtrusted V Talkabouteverything exceptdivorce A Lovemakesoneatalker B Nevermentioning divorce islearnedthehardway VI Wantthebestforeachother A Beingmarrieddoesnotmeanyouaregluedtogether B Lovebindswithoutcrippling C Lovingsomeonedoesnotmeanyourgoalsarealwaysidentical VII Onlyonepersoncanbecrazyatatime A Lifeisseldomasmoothhighwayofcooperation B Onehastostayinadultmode C Beforewarnedofthelastingunpleasantness VIII Conclusion Therealthinghastodowithlove Loveisnotalwaysglamorousoreasy Cherishtheonewhoreallyloveyou TextBIntimacy KeytoLastingLove ExtensiveReading ClassdiscussiononthestructureCommentingoneachpartDealingwithlanguagepoints SubjectMatter EmotionandLife A HowtoFindTrueLove B Intimacy KeytoLastingLove ClassRevision 5min CheckonYourResearchandDiscussion GroupReadingandSharing 8min GroupReport 25min Teacher sComment 7min Goals Todeepenreadingstrategies DeepStudy CriticalThinking Toreflectthroughgroupreadingandclasspresentationonthedetailsofeverydaylifetowardslargertruthsshapedandtailoredbytheauthor Procedures WhatistrueLove Howcanwefindtruelove Whatisthekeytolastinglove Loveisspecific Settlefornothinglessthantotalcommitment Talkabouteverything exceptdivorce Wantthebestforeachother Onlyonepersoncanbecrazyatatime Lovewantstherealthing Revision HowtoFindTrueLove Truelove Howtofindtruelove ast